The Universal & Atomic Elements of Organization
A falsifiable scientific theory proposing that the same irreducible structures organize both thought and reality — from the quantum to the social scale.
O-Theory proposes that four irreducible structures — Distinctions, Systems, Relationships and Perspectives (DSRP) — form the universal grammar of organization. Rather than being merely useful ways of thinking, these structures are hypothesized to be the atomic elements from which every organized phenomenon emerges, whether in cognition, biology, physics, mathematics, society, or the cosmos.
| D | S | R | P |
| Distinctions | Systems | Relationships | Perspectives |
| Identity ↔ Other | Part ↔ Whole | Action ↔ Reaction | Point ↔ View |
| D := (i ↔ o) | S := (p ↔ w) | R := (a ↔ r) | P := (ṗ ↔ v) |
This is a living scientific evidence compendium: an open, continually evolving collection of independent empirical research, formal theory, mathematical proofs, cross-disciplinary analyses, applications, critiques, and proposed falsifications. Every entry is included because it supports, refines, challenges, or attempts to falsify the theory.
Scientific theories are strengthened not only by evidence that confirms their predictions, but also by surviving attempts to falsify them. This compendium brings both together: independent evidence from researchers who were not testing DSRP and proposed counterexamples evaluated against the formal theory.
One counterexample is enough to falsify O-Theory. Until then, the question remains: do the same four structures organize everything from quantum systems to human thought?
Independent convergence is one of the strongest forms of scientific evidence because researchers arrive at the same conclusion while investigating different questions for different reasons.
The number is not the point. Researchers in different fields, studying different questions with different methods, repeatedly arrived at the same structural predictions—almost always without testing DSRP or using its language.
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This compendium began as the peer-reviewed literature review “A Literature Review of the Universal and Atomic Elements of Complex Cognition,” published in the Journal of Systems Thinking with 109 studies. That paper is the peer-reviewed foundation. What you see here is its living, continuously updated version . New studies are checked before they are added, and the collection now holds and keeps growing. Open any card to see what the researchers found, why it bears on DSRP, and where the original review discusses it, the fuller account.
The collection is updated continuously, so the citation carries the date you consulted it rather than a study count — the count changes weekly, and putting it in the reference would make the same collection look like a different work to everyone who cites it. To cite a single claim or study, use its own address: every one has a permanent link.
This is the adversarial half of the compendium. Where the evidence track asks what converges on DSRP, this one asks what would end it: a single organized phenomenon whose structure needs a fifth pattern, a ninth element, or a fifth structural dynamic. It holds written up from candidates across territories, and resolutions — the general answers those cases settle against. Every case is published whether it held or failed, including the ones still open.
Cite this rather than the evidence collection when the point is what survived attack. The two are separate works with separate addresses: one asks what converges on the theory, the other asks what would end it, and a reference to the first does not support a claim about the second. Case and resolution numbers change when the record is revised, so cite a case by its own permanent link rather than by number.
This collection is meant to keep growing. Send us a study, paper, book or critique that bears on DSRP, whether it supports the theory or cuts against it, and we will read it and decide whether it belongs.
Authors Dengrui Zhu, Xueqin Zhang, Junhao Liang, Guoqiang Gao, Song Xiao, Yujun Guo, Hanbing Yang, Aoxu Feng, Aihong Tang, Guangning Wu
Year 2026
Publisher Energies
Kind of work article
Discipline Engineering
Secondary disciplines Operations Research
Read it at the publisher 10.3390/en19184313
Integrated transportation hubs are characterized by fast-varying and strongly coupled electricity, hydrogen-refueling, and thermal demands driven by traffic activities. To characterize their short-term dynamic interactions, this paper develops a compact system-level model of a core electricity–hydrogen–heat coupling subsystem comprising a PEM electrolyzer, a hydrogen storage tank, a fuel cell, and a thermal side. Power- and temperature-dependent off-design models are established for the PEM electrolyzer and fuel cell, while a lumped-parameter thermodynamic model with real-gas correction is developed for the hydrogen storage tank. The electrolyzer and fuel-cell models achieve calibration MAPEs of 0.39% and approximately 0.81%, respectively, against published reference data. Two typical disturbance scenarios are then investigated. Under a 30 kW electrical-load step, the grid-power deviation is reduced from a peak of approximately 29.4 kW to about 9.1 kW, while the hydrogen-refueling-demand disturbance produces only a minor thermal-side temperature variation. The results reveal distinct propagation magnitudes and time-scale characteristics across the electrical, hydrogen, and thermal domains. The proposed framework provides a compact and physically interpretable tool for short-term cross-domain dynamic analysis of integrated transportation hubs.
To build a system-level model capturing how electricity, hydrogen, and heat subsystems in a transportation hub dynamically interact under disturbances.
Not human or animal: a physically modeled engineering subsystem (PEM electrolyzer, hydrogen tank, fuel cell, thermal side), calibrated against published reference datasets.
Off-design physical/thermodynamic modeling of each component plus simulation of two disturbance scenarios (an electrical load step and a hydrogen-refueling demand step).
A 30 kW electrical-load-step disturbance was damped from a peak grid-power deviation of about 29.4 kW down to about 9.1 kW by the coupled subsystem, whereas a hydrogen-refueling-demand disturbance produced only a minor thermal-side temperature change, showing the same physical coupling propagates disturbances with markedly different magnitude and time scale depending on which subsystem originates it.
The hub's overall dynamic behavior is shown to emerge from how its constituent subsystems are assembled into a whole and from the causal coupling relationships that determine how a disturbance in one part propagates, at its own magnitude and time scale, into the others.
Patterns it shows S, R
Formal proof or model, Shows it makes a difference
Added 2026-09-17
How to cite this Dengrui Zhu, Xueqin Zhang, Junhao Liang, Guoqiang Gao, Song Xiao, Yujun Guo, Hanbing Yang, Aoxu Feng, Aihong Tang, Guangning Wu (2026). System-Level Dynamic Modeling and Cross-Domain Disturbance Propagation of an Electricity–Hydrogen–Heat Coupling Subsystem for Integrated Transportation Hubs. Energies.