The Universal & Atomic Elements of Organization
A falsifiable scientific theory proposing that the same irreducible structures organize both thought and reality — from the quantum to the social scale.
O-Theory proposes that four irreducible structures — Distinctions, Systems, Relationships and Perspectives (DSRP) — form the universal grammar of organization. Rather than being merely useful ways of thinking, these structures are hypothesized to be the atomic elements from which every organized phenomenon emerges, whether in cognition, biology, physics, mathematics, society, or the cosmos.
| D | S | R | P |
| Distinctions | Systems | Relationships | Perspectives |
| Identity ↔ Other | Part ↔ Whole | Action ↔ Reaction | Point ↔ View |
| D := (i ↔ o) | S := (p ↔ w) | R := (a ↔ r) | P := (ṗ ↔ v) |
This is a living scientific evidence compendium: an open, continually evolving collection of independent empirical research, formal theory, mathematical proofs, cross-disciplinary analyses, applications, critiques, and proposed falsifications. Every entry is included because it supports, refines, challenges, or attempts to falsify the theory.
Scientific theories are strengthened not only by evidence that confirms their predictions, but also by surviving attempts to falsify them. This compendium brings both together: independent evidence from researchers who were not testing DSRP and proposed counterexamples evaluated against the formal theory.
One counterexample is enough to falsify O-Theory. Until then, the question remains: do the same four structures organize everything from quantum systems to human thought?
Independent convergence is one of the strongest forms of scientific evidence because researchers arrive at the same conclusion while investigating different questions for different reasons.
The number is not the point. Researchers in different fields, studying different questions with different methods, repeatedly arrived at the same structural predictions—almost always without testing DSRP or using its language.
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This compendium began as the peer-reviewed literature review “A Literature Review of the Universal and Atomic Elements of Complex Cognition,” published in the Journal of Systems Thinking with 109 studies. That paper is the peer-reviewed foundation. What you see here is its living, continuously updated version . New studies are checked before they are added, and the collection now holds and keeps growing. Open any card to see what the researchers found, why it bears on DSRP, and where the original review discusses it, the fuller account.
The collection is updated continuously, so the citation carries the date you consulted it rather than a study count — the count changes weekly, and putting it in the reference would make the same collection look like a different work to everyone who cites it. To cite a single claim or study, use its own address: every one has a permanent link.
This is the adversarial half of the compendium. Where the evidence track asks what converges on DSRP, this one asks what would end it: a single organized phenomenon whose structure needs a fifth pattern, a ninth element, or a fifth structural dynamic. It holds written up from candidates across territories, and resolutions — the general answers those cases settle against. Every case is published whether it held or failed, including the ones still open.
Cite this rather than the evidence collection when the point is what survived attack. The two are separate works with separate addresses: one asks what converges on the theory, the other asks what would end it, and a reference to the first does not support a claim about the second. Case and resolution numbers change when the record is revised, so cite a case by its own permanent link rather than by number.
This collection is meant to keep growing. Send us a study, paper, book or critique that bears on DSRP, whether it supports the theory or cuts against it, and we will read it and decide whether it belongs.
Authors David Schmuck
Year 2026
Publisher Politische Vierteljahresschrift
Kind of work article
Discipline Political Science
Secondary disciplines Economics, Law & Jurisprudence
Read it at the publisher 10.1007/s11615-026-00678-2
Do members of parliament (MPs) benefit occupationally from serving in parliament? Although previous studies suggest career enhancement, they lack comparable control groups enabling causal inference. Other studies find monetary benefits but rely on unique data sources. I employed regression-discontinuity design to compare narrowly elected and defeated German Bundestag candidates (2009, 2013). Despite adequate statistical power (82% to detect moderate effects) and Germany's institutional features favoring career returns, I find no local average treatment effect on postparliamentary occupational status or management positions. Strikingly, half of the defeated candidates reached top management anyway, suggesting that candidate selection dominates treatment effects. This challenges revolving-door narratives and implies that parliamentary careers reflect intrinsic motivations rather than financial returns.
To test whether serving as an MP causally improves post-parliamentary career outcomes.
Narrowly elected vs. narrowly defeated German Bundestag candidates from the 2009 and 2013 elections.
Regression-discontinuity design exploiting the electoral vote-share cutoff as a natural experiment, with a power analysis (82% to detect moderate effects).
No statistically detectable local average treatment effect of legislative service on postparliamentary occupational status or attainment of management positions; roughly half of defeated candidates reached top management regardless, indicating candidate-selection effects dominate any treatment effect.
The study operationalizes a causal relationship between an institutional role and a career outcome by using a sharp categorical threshold to identify it, and finds the assumed relationship does not hold.
Patterns it shows D, R
Shows it makes a difference
Added 2026-09-17
How to cite this David Schmuck (2026). The Causal Effect of Legislative Service on the Postparliamentary Career. Politische Vierteljahresschrift.