[DSRP Evidence](https://dsrpevidence.org/) # Independent evidence Peer-reviewed studies by researchers who were not testing DSRP. Each is a chance for the theory to have been wrong, and was not. 287 entries. - [The solution of a problem relating to the geometry of position](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/1) — Leonhard Euler, 1736. Nodes in network theory are representative of identities. - [Boundary Lines of Social Phenomena](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/2) — Gillette, 1925. Recognizing and acknowledging the artificialness of the boundaries that we encounter everyday not only helps us to understand our fields better, but it allows us to get… - [Dynamic Theory of Personality](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/3) — Kurt Lewin, 1935. It is not enough to make distinctions and relationships between objects/concepts, but one also has to evaluate the concepts/objects as parts and wholes. This also sugges… - ["Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (Book Review)](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/4) — Norbert Wiener, 1951. The structure of a feedback loop is a critical relationship that allows the System to react to its environment and potentially restructure itself in response. Ultimately… - [Perception, language, and the part-whole problem.](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/5) — Mooney, 1951. Even in 1951, people were aware that part-whole didn’t just apply to the things it came easy to, like mathematics. More importantly, it showed that the relationship betw… - [The Architecture of Complexity](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/6) — Herbert A. Simon, 1962. The structure of Part-Whole Systems are not only found in Nature but also in the Mind. - [Classification and Quantitative Judgement](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/7) — Tajfel and Wilkes, 1963. The way that one thinks about an idea, person, or thing has an impact on the resulting mental model. Being aware of the way your patterns of thinking affect you can only… - [Laws of Form](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/8) — G Spencer Brown, 1969. Distinctions exist. - [Form, Substance, and Difference](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/9) — Gregory Bateson, 1970. This correlates well with the idea that every thought is within itself a Distinction. Bateson’s combination of pattern and difference has contributed greatly to Systems… - [Towards a System of Systems Concepts](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/10) — Ackoff, 1971. One can and should apply systems thinking to systems thinking. - [The History and Status of General Systems Theory](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/11) — Bertalanffy, 1972. This paper highlights the importance of recognizing the parts, the whole, and the relationships between the parts. - [Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/12) — Rittel and Webber, 1973. A deeper understanding of the Systems and wicked problems they face, leads to identifying the root causes of the problem in the first place - [On the Concept of a System](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/13) — Marchal, 1975. Marchal is essentially drawing a line between Distinctions and Systems for us. One is able to turn a system into a distinction, and Marchal acknowledges later that syste… - [The Early Development of Conceptual Perspective Taking: Distinguishing among Multiple Perspectives](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/14) — Marvin et al., 1976. Children were not just able to take the Perspective of one individual but were able to take the Perspectives of up to three individuals. - [Does the Chimpanzee have a theory of mind?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/15) — Premack and Woodruff, 1978. Perspective-taking is not just a human cognitive process, but is potentially found throughout the animal kingdom as well. - [Disturbing the universe](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/16) — Dyson, 1979. Non-neural entities take Perspective. - [The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/17) — Tversky and Kahneman, 1981. The underlying subjectivity of how things are framed necessitates an understanding (and awareness) of the root perspective from which it originated. - [Sexual Taboos and Social Boundaries](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/18) — Davies, 1982. The creation and maintenance of identity-other Distinctions can have a massive impact on people's lives, leading to discriminatory behaviors and policies. - [The Role Of Perspective-taking Ability In Negotiating Under Different Forms Of Arbitration](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/19) — Neale and Bazerman, 1983. Perspective taking can have a direct benefit in the worlds of business and management. - [Objects, Parts, and Categories](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/20) — Tversky and Hemenway, 1984. Smaller parts are easier to deal with conceptually, but also because each Part is an entity within itself, and needs to be dealt with as a distinct thing. The work has s… - [Studying Learning in the Womb](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/21) — Gina Kolata, 1984. Distinction-making as a process occurs in utero. - [Decreasing Prejudice by Increasing Discrimination](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/22) — Langer et al, 1985. Teaching the children to be “mindful,” or to be aware of the Distinctions they were making, had a benefit regardless of the content of the lesson they were being taught.… - [Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/23) — Baron-Cohen et al., 1985. Theory of mind, which is a form of Perspective taking, is a process of the psychological development of children. - [The Enormous Theorem](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/24) — Gorenstein, 1985. Gorenstein explains that, “One can now appreciate how the rules for combining the elements in a group are the basic laws of arithmetic in more abstract form.” The very b… - [Logical reasoning, world knowledge, and mental imagery: Interconnections in cognitive processes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/25) — Clement and Falmagne, 1986. The more content one has access to and can actively create interconnections between, the better they perform when tested for comprehension. Relatedness (R) allows us to… - [The Sneakers/Tennis Shoes Boundary](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/26) — Dale Coye, 1986. Distinction terms can follow a geographic boundary. - [The Self And The Other: The Purpose Of Distinction](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/27) — Glanville, 1990. Identity is explicit while the other is implicit (often with the intended or unintended consequence of marginalization) - [Us and Them: Social Categorization and the Process of Intergroup Bias](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/28) — Perdue et al, 1990. In-group and out-group terms (such as we, they, us, them) can subtly shape responses toward others and other groups. - [The Adaptive Nature of Human Categorization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/29) — Anderson, 1991. While categorization is an important process to study, it is not the most fundamental process to study, because it is not a universal pattern of mind such as part-whole… - [Spatial perspective-taking in conversation](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/31) — Schober, 1993. Interestingly, this shows the many ways in which perspective shapes how we communicate with others, and also the need to be able to identify when communication is facili… - [National Boundaries, Border Zones, and Marketing Strategy: A Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Model of Secondary Boundary Effects](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/32) — Clark, 1994. The impact of making a distinction can be huge, and therefore paying attention to how/why one draws the boundaries they do can be overall beneficial for society. - [Children's use of counterfactual thinking in causal reasoning](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/33) — Harris et al., 1996. Overall, this research demonstrates that young children have the ability to recognize and articulate the action and reactions within Relationships. - [The Cocktail Party Effect in Infants](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/36) — Newman and Jusczyk, 1996. Infants are able to make auditory distinctions. - [Becoming a “Greeble” Expert: Exploring Mechanisms for Face Recognition](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/38) — Gauthier and Tarr, 1997. Purposefully "training" yourself to make distinctions increases the speed at which you can distinguish identities and the accuracy with which you make those distinctions. - [Perceptual Organization of Complex Visual Configurations by Young Infants](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/39) — Quinn et. al., 1997. From an early age, the human brain is capable of visually distinguishing between stimuli. - [Perspective Taking: Imagining how aother would feels versus imagining how you would feel](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/40) — Batson et al., 1997. The act of empathy, where you feel how the other feels is connected to altruistic motivations, whereas, putting oneself in another's position is correlated with egotisti… - [Cocktail-party effect in king penguin colonies](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/41) — Aubin and Jouventin, 1998. Humans are not the only species who makes auditory distinctions, further supporting the case for the universality of the patterns. - [A fronto-parietal system for computing the egocentric spatial frame of reference in humans](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/42) — Vallar et al., 1999. This research is significant to us in particular because it demonstrates a neurological placement for taking perspective, specifically a spatial one. - [Concepts do more than categorize](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/43) — Solomon et al., 1999. This analysis emphasizes the importance of seeing parts and wholes in the larger context of interrelatedness to better understand systems. - [Perspective-Taking: Decreasing Stereotype Expression, Stereotype Accessibility, and In-Group Favoritism](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/45) — Galinsky and Moscowitz, 2000. They concluded that if Perspective-taking increases, then negative biases could reasonably be reduced. - [A Cross-cultural Examination Of The Effects Of Apology And Perspective Taking On Forgiveness](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/47) — Takaku et al., 2001. Apologies are one of the main ways conflict is resolved in today’s world. This research demonstrates that taking another person’s perspective can lead to apologies, forg… - [Categorization in infancy](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/48) — Mareschal and Quinn, 2001. Their research demonstrated that the Distinction making process begins early in life, and leads one to see that Distinction making is also an essential part of categoriz… - [Categorization in single neurons](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/49) — Pellegrino, 2001. Categorical knowledge and the elemental patterns of part-whole systems is explicitly represented in the firing rates of prefrontal neurons. - [HIFa Targeted for VHL-Mediated Destruction by Proline Hydroxylation: Implications for O2 Sensing](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/51) — Ivan et. al., 2001. Non-neural entities such as cells have the ability to make distinctions, speaking to the fundamentality of the D,S,R, and P patterns. - [Seeing Another Viewpoint: Antecedents and Outcomes of Employee Perspective Taking](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/55) — Parker and Axtell, 2001. Perspective-taking in the workplace has value and can be predictive of “contextual performance.” - [Memory And Learning In Figure–Ground Perception](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/61) — Peterson and Skow-Grant, 2003. Visual distinctions through the brain's organization of boundaries are fundamental to human cognition and functioning. - [Procedural learning in perceptual categorization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/63) — Ashby et al., 2003. Categorization of objects and information developed through making distinctions and forming a physical relationship to them, resulted in categorization. - [The role of similarity in the development of categorization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/64) — Sloutsky, 2003. The use of parts to figure out where the whole object belongs requires not only Systems, but Distinctions and Relationships. - [A Theory of Causal Learning in Children: Causal Maps and Bayes Nets](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/65) — Gopnik et al., 2004. Children are fundamentally able to build complex relationships and utilize the Rar structure. - [Causal Learning Across Domains](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/67) — Schulz and Gopnik, 2004. This data is indicative of the power and prevalence of Relationships, and how early they come into play cognitively. In particular, it shows that young children can lear… - [Cognitions Associated With Attempts to Empathize: How Do We Imagine the Perspective of Another?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/68) — Davis et al., 2004. More globally, there was an indication that there is something inherent about Perspective-taking, as maintaining a control group that did no Perspective taking was diffi… - [How Would You Feel versus How Do You Think She Would Feel? A Neuroimaging Study of Perspective-Taking with Social Emotions](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/69) — Ruby and Decety, 2004. This study demonstrated that perspective taking has a neurological basis, and there is not “a single mechanism that accounts for the perspective taking process.” This me… - [Making sense of it all: bacterial chemotaxis](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/72) — Wadhams and Armitage, 2004. The response requires the organism to Distinguish between the different types of stimuli. - [On membership categorization: ‘us’, ‘them’ and ‘doing violence’ in political discourse](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/73) — Leudar et al., 2004. The elemental patterns of Distinctions (identity-other) are powerful on their own, but as this paper demonstrates, combining the patterns together can be essential to en… - [Perspective Taking as Egocentric Anchoring and Adjustment](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/74) — Epley et al., 2004. People understand others by using themselves first as a lens. People vary in the amount of awareness they have of this bias, which can be an issue, as. many social judge… - [On Insiders (Emic) and Outsiders (Etic): Views of Self, and Othering](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/76) — Young, 2005. Taking into account the insider and outsider concepts leads to better research and conclusions. Being metacognitive about your identity and other aspects of your life ca… - [Conflicting Emotions: The connection between affective perspective taking and theory of mind](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/81) — Harwood and Farrar, 2006. This indicates that both perspective and theory of mind can be taught and influenced in social systems and development. The article states that the biggest link between… - [Knowledge partitioning in categorization: Boundary conditions](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/83) — Lewandowsky et al., 2006. Their work led them to believe that partitioning (aka, creating a boundary between two or more things) is a pervasive aspect of categorization (aka, grouping things acco… - [Sameness, Otherness? Enriching Organizational Change Theories with Philosophical Considerations on the Same and the Other](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/85) — Durand and Calori, 2006. The relationship between sameness and otherness is absolutely essential to the functioning of an organization. Without both principles working in tandem with each other… - [Detection and avoidance of a natural product from the pathogenic bacterium Serratia marcescens by Caenorhabditis elegans](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/88) — Pradel et al., 2007. The nematodes are distinguishing this chemical from the rest of their environment and drawing the connection to the dangerous pathogen so that they can avoid it. - [Systems and Distinctions; Duality and Complementarity](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/92) — Goguen and Varela, 2007. There is no whole system without an interconnection of its parts; and there is no whole system without an environment. Such pairs are mutually interdependent: each defin… - [Can There Be Such a Thing as Embodied Embedded Cognitive Neuroscience?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/100) — Dijk et al., 2008. They imply that the Relationship between the brain and the outside world is essential to the brain’s success. The sensory inputs of the brain and body all help D, S, R,… - [Categorization in the wild](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/101) — Glushko et al., 2008. Categories are structures born of several elements of thinking -- part-whole Systems, Relationships, and Perspectives. Notably, once categories are formed, they also bec… - [Cognitive control, hierarchy, and the rostro–caudal organization of the frontal lobes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/102) — David Badre, 2008. The structure of the brain itself is distinct, and leads to the ability to do D,S,R,P. - [Directional sensing during chemotaxis](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/105) — Janetopoulos and Firtel, 2008. Chemotaxis is a way to explore the basic expressions of the D, S, R, and P patterns. - [Embodied and disembodied cognition: Spatial perspective-taking](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/108) — Tversky and Hard, 2008. This indicates that just the visual cue of another person is enough to trigger the use of Perspectives. - [The conceptual grouping effect: Categories matter (and named categories matter more)](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/120) — Lupyan, 2008. Provided as a prime, the label (a Distinguished identity) is, in effect, used by the respondent as a framing Perspective to more quickly identify the identities that wil… - [Concepts and Categories: A Cognitive Neuropsychological Perspective](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/126) — Mahon and Caramazza, 2009. Progress in understanding the causes of category specificity in one region of the brain, or one functional component of a cognitive model, will require an understanding… - [Episodic future thinking in 3 to 5 year old children: The ability to think of what will be needed from a different point of view](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/127) — Russel et al., 2009. In other words, in “perspective-taking tasks children of 4 will imagine how something looks from a point of a view they do not share.” These findings show the developmen… - [Talent in autism: hyper-systemizing, hyper-attention to detail and sensory hypersensitivity](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/130) — Baron-Cohen et al., 2009. The Systems pattern is present and sometimes heightened in people who are not neurotypical. The brain does not have to function normally to perform the Systems pattern. - [Making Connections](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/134) — Greene, 2010. Social interactions can pose our greatest predictive challenges and may well have been a major impetus, among our pre human ancestors, for the evolution of astounding le… - [Boundary critique and its implications for conflict prevention](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/137) — Midgley and Pinzon, 2011. Through the framing/reframing of ideas and boundaries, conflict can not only be resolved, but potentially prevented. - [Empathy and pro-social behavior in rats](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/138) — Bartal et al., 2011. The root of empathy is Perspective, which is fundamental to social organisms. - [Bowerbirds, art and aesthetics: Are bowerbirds artists and do they have an aesthetic sense?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/142) — Endler, 2012. The ability to take multiple Perspectives has evolved into Bowerbird’s mating process over time, resulting in birds that can create illusions and beautiful displays. - [Does acquisition of Greeble expertise in prosopagnosia rule out a domain-general deficit?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/144) — Bukach et al, 2012. Through training, a neurologically impaired human can learn to distinguish between objects with time. i,e, Distinction-making can be trained. - [Social Identification Structures the Effects of Perspective Taking](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/146) — Tarrant et al., 2012. A solution for this issue highlighted in the article is to include in the exercise a discussion of not only Perspectives, but also Distinctions, Systems, and Relationshi… - [What A Plant Knows](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/147) — Chamovitz, 2012. Plants utilize the Perspective pattern throughout their lives. - [Learning-induced neural plasticity of speech processing before birth](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/151) — Partanen et al., 2013. Distinction-making as a process occurs in utero. - [The cradle of causal reasoning: newborns’ preference for physical causality](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/153) — Mascalzoni et al., 2013. This study demonstrates a newborn’s visual perception of causal relationships, and it’s similarity to that same mechanism found in adults. - [Visual Adaptation of the Perception of Causality](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/156) — Rolfs et al., 2013. Humans have the ability to “fill in the blanks” between cause and effect in the case of predicting where a ball will land once it’s been thrown in the air for example. T… - [Deeper insights into semantic relations: An fMRI study of part-whole and functional associations](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/162) — Muehlhuas et al., 2014. While more research is needed, this is the first definitive evidence of part-whole Systems being structurally visible in the brain. - [Perspective-Taking Increases Willingness to Engage in Intergroup Contact](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/169) — Wang et al., 2014. Overall, the body of research on perspective shows that the more aware one is of their own and the perspective of others leads to better communication, interrelations, i… - [Social rejection increases perspective taking](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/170) — Knowles, 2014. There is also a relationship drawn between perception and behavior, as those who were rejected were hyper aware of facial expressions and vocal tone as an indicator of a… - [Subliminal Gestalt grouping: Evidence of perceptual grouping by proximity and similarity in absence of conscious perception](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/171) — Montoro et al., 2014. This is notable in its similarity to the four patterns of mind —DSRP—that are happening within every thought one has, without their control. Note, the awareness of such… - [Topological Self-Organization and Prediction Learning Support Both Action and Lexical Chains in the Brain](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/176) — Chersi et al., 2014. Relationships and the systems of data support many critically important processes such as language development, working memory, and sequencing of information. Neural cod… - [Why Is There Something Instead of Nothing?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/177) — Lawrence Krauss, 2014. Identity and other are inherently built into the fabric of the universe. - [Prelinguistic Relational Concepts: Investigating Analogical Processing in Infants](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/182) — Ferry et al., 2015. While Relationships can be abstracted universally as a purely structural cognitive act, they are also content specific (that is the relationship itself is distinguishabl… - [Vapour-mediated sensing and motility in two-component droplets](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/188) — Cira et al., 2015. The water droplets are Distinguishing between the other droplets to Perspectivaly organize themselves into larger droplets. - [What is the nature of causality in the brain?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/189) — Dhamala, 2015. That relationships exist in mind and nature is established, such that the new emphasis needs to be one increasing human awareness of them and the power in seeing the rel… - [Differing views: Can chimpanzees do Level 2 perspective-taking?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/201) — Karg et al., 2016. Perspective-taking means representing a scene from another's point of view. - [Habituation in non-neural organisms: evidence from slime moulds](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/206) — Boisseau et al, 2016. The point of this and many other similar researches into unicellular and multicellular organisms, plants, etc, is that even non-neural organisms can learn and are buildi… - [Maximizing Information on the Environment by Dynamically Controlled Qubit Probes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/210) — Zwick et al., 2016. The Perspective pattern exists in nature, through scale, as atoms can (and do) sense their enivronments - [Naming influences 9-month-olds’ identification of discrete categories along a perceptual continuum](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/211) — Havy and Waxman, 2016. This implies that the addition of Distinctions i.e., naming) to the Systems (i.e., categories) the infants are trying to make aids in their forming part-whole systems an… - [Ravens attribute visual access to unseen competitors](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/214) — Bugnyar, 2016. Ravens (Corvus corax) also have the ability to take perspectives. - [Biological origins of color categorization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/225) — Skelton et al., 2017. The mind draws discrete category boundaries onto a physically continuous spectrum (identity vs. other). - [Categories and Constraints in Causal Perception](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/227) — Kominsky et al., 2017. This early-on development of Relationships indicates that Relationships are therefore an inherent part of human thought. It is clear that the cognitive, emotional, and c… - [Cognition in context: Social inclusion attenuates the psychological boundary between self and other](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/229) — Bentley et al, 2017. Inclusion can be added to self identity, and the other can become a part of the self. Identity and other engage in a dynamic dance. - [Psychological Functions of Semiotic Borders in Sense-Making: Liminality of Narrative Processes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/237) — Picione and Valsiner, 2017. Identity and other are an inherent part of everyday life, and without them the world and one's self would be drastically different. - [The Origins of Social Categorization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/242) — Liberman et al., 2017. These conceptually-rich social categories emerge before the provision of verbal information can affect social knowledge, suggesting that the ability to form social categ… - [When Far Becomes Near: Perspective Taking Induces Social Remapping of Spatial Relations](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/243) — Cavallo et al., 2017. Perspectives therefore can be anthropomorphic, physical, spatial and conceptual in nature. - [Chemotactic predator-prey dynamics](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/250) — Sengupta et al., 2018. The predator and the prey both use a gradient-like sensing method where they use the concentration of the Distinguished chemical to search out their prey, or to escape. - [Preschoolers’ Development of Theory of Mind: The Contribution of Understanding Psychological Causality in Stories](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/257) — Sanefuji and Haryu, 2018. Conscious establishment of sequential relationships in the first experiment also increased the subject’s ability to take new perspectives and see alternatives to the seq… - [Reversible Inactivation of Different Millimeter-Scale Regions of Primate IT Results in Different Patterns of Core Object Recognition Deficits](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/258) — Rajalingham and DiCarlo, 2018. An example of someone finding a physical location in the brain for the D pattern. - [The Binary Bias: A Systematic Distortion in the Integration of Information](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/265) — Fisher and Kiel, 2018. Systems thinking (DSRP) shifts this paradigm away from the binary bias and towards a more spectrum-based thought process. - [Theory of mind and wisdom: The development of different forms of perspective-taking in late adulthood](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/266) — Rakoczy et al., 2018. This indicates that theory of mind (and therefore Perspective taking) is a part of cognition throughout the human’s whole life. - [Benefits for nurse and facilitated plants emerge when interactions are considered along the entire life-span](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/271) — Montesinos-Navarro, 2019. Perspective-taking is done by plants, and it has (in some cases) even evolved to be beneficial to those that participate in helping others. - [The complexity of understanding others as the evolutionary origin of empathy and emotional contagion](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/277) — Mafesson and Lachmann, 2019. Perspective taking is therefore a needed cognitive act that bolsters emotional connection to others, which, as social animals, is essential for evolutionary success, in… - [The Simon Effect Based on Allocentric and Egocentric Reference Frame: Common and Specific Neural Correlates](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/278) — Li et al., 2019. The brain codes space from different points of reference (egocentric vs. allocentric). - [A source for awareness-dependent figure–ground segregation in human prefrontal cortex](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/281) — Huang et al., 2020. The brain actively separates a bounded figure (identity) from its ground (other). - [Cosmological Constraints on Ω m and σ 8 from Cluster Abundances Using the GalWCat19 Optical-spectroscopic SDSS Catalog](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/283) — Abdullah et al., 2020. Their Distinction-making between matter and dark energy lead to a greater understanding of our universe. In fact, using the identity-other rule, we can even say that mos… - [Retinotectal circuitry of larval zebrafish is adapted to detection and pursuit of prey](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/287) — Forster et al., 2020. This inherent Distinguishing ability allows the larval zebrafish to hunt effectively. This also further supports the evidence that the Distinction simple rule is inheren… - [A neural code for egocentric spatial maps in the human medial temporal lobe](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/294) — Kunz et al., 2021. Egocentric bearing cells encode item direction/distance relative to the subject's own position and heading, so the self-anchored point determines the represented view. - [Causal Inference Gates Corticostriatal Learning](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/297) — Dorfman et al., 2021. Learning depends on relating an outcome to whether it was the reaction to one's own action. - [Learning and Representation of Hierarchical Concepts in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/304) — Theves et al., 2021. Concepts are organized as nested part–whole hierarchies (a whole can be a part of a larger whole). - [Inflexible Updating of the Self-Other Divide During a Social Context in Autism: Psychophysical, Electrophysiological, and Neural Network Modeling Evidence](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/327) — Noel et al., 2022. The brain draws and updates a boundary separating self from other. - [Is implicit Level-2 visual perspective-taking embodied? Spontaneous perceptual simulation of others' perspectives is not impaired by motor restriction](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/329) — Ward et al., 2022. People spontaneously represent how a scene looks from another agent's location, so adopting that vantage (point) determines the computed appearance (view). - [Neural dynamics of causal inference in the macaque frontoparietal circuit](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/333) — Qi et al., 2022. The brain infers whether distinct signals share a common cause. - [Understanding the What and When of Analogical Reasoning Across Analogy Formats: An Eye-Tracking and Machine Learning Approach](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/351) — Thibaut et al., 2022. Analogy extracts a relation from a source pair (action) and projects that relational structure onto a target pair (reaction) as a directed mapping. - [All it takes is empathy: how virtual reality perspective-taking influences intergroup attitudes and stereotypes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/363) — Chen & Ibasco, 2023. Taking another's embodied viewpoint changes how one sees a group. - [Category Learning Selectively Enhances Representations of Boundary-Adjacent Exemplars in Early Visual Cortex](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/366) — O'Bryan et al., 2023. Learning a category sharpens the brain's representation of stimuli right at the identity/other boundary. - [Chunking of Control: An Unrecognized Aspect of Cognitive Resource Limits](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/367) — Farooqui et al., 2023. The mind groups individual task steps into a single higher-order control chunk. - [Hierarchical overlapping modular structure in the human cerebral cortex improves individual identification](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/383) — Fan et al., 2023. The cortical functional network is nested modules in which large communities (wholes) recursively decompose into self-similar sub-modules (parts). - [Holistic and featural processing's link to face recognition varies by individual and task](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/384) — Leong et al., 2023. A face part is recognized better inside the whole face than alone — the whole exceeds the sum of its parts. - [Infants' biased individuation of in-group members](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/386) — Fogiel et al., 2023. Drawing an in-group/out-group boundary grants distinct individual identity inside the boundary while collapsing those outside into an undifferentiated other. It should b… - [Infants' understanding of the causal power of agents and tools](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/387) — Adibpour & Hochmann, 2023. Infants relate events as action and reaction (causal power). - [Neural representation of gestalt grouping and attention effect in human visual cortex](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/395) — Wu et al., 2023. The brain encodes grouped parts as a single unified whole. - [Perceptual warping exposes categorical representations for speech in human brainstem responses](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/397) — Carter & Bidelman, 2023. The nervous system converts a continuous acoustic gradient into discrete phonetic distinctions. - [Predictability alters information flow during action observation in human electrocorticographic activity](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/398) — Qin et al., 2023. Action perception couples a bottom-up sensory stream (action) with a top-down predictive stream (reaction), and predictability re-weights the feedforward/feedback balanc… - [Relational complexity influences analogical reasoning ability](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/403) — Leonard et al., 2023. Reasoning operates on relationships between relationships (analogy). - [The Causal Role of Temporoparietal Junction in Mediating Self–Other Mergence during Mentalizing](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/418) — Sun et al., 2023. The brain actively maintains the boundary between self and other. - [Categorical perception of facial expressions of anger and disgust across cultures](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/438) — Fang et al., 2024. The mind imposes a categorical boundary on a continuous anger-to-disgust face morph (this vs. not-this). - [Neural Correlates of Analogical Reasoning on Syntactic Patterns](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/445) — Li et al., 2024. Analogy relates relations to relations (second-order relating), with its own neural substrate. - [Two-dimensional neural geometry underpins hierarchical organization of sequence in human working memory](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/453) — Fan et al., 2024. Working memory encodes a sequence by nesting items within chunks and chunks within the whole sequence, using orthogonal neural dimensions for item-within-chunk and chunk… - [A Hippocampal-Parietal Network for Reference Frame Coordination](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/458) — Zheng et al., 2025. The brain transforms between an egocentric point of view and an allocentric map (point → view). - [Adaptive chunking improves effective working memory capacity in a prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia circuit](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/459) — Soni & Frank, 2025. The mind binds individual parts into higher-order wholes (chunks). - [Canine perspective taking: Anticipating the behavior of an unseen human](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/462) — Huber et al., 2025. A dog infers what was visible from a location it cannot see — building a view from an inferred point. - [Environmental context alters plant-soil feedback effects on plant coexistence](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/470) — Collings et al., 2025. A plant and its soil form a two-way causal loop -- the plant conditions the soil biota (action) and the conditioned soil reciprocally alters the plant's performance (rea… - [Evidence for compositionality in fMRI visual representations via Brain Algebra](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/471) — Ferrante et al., 2025. A whole scene's neural representation can be rebuilt by algebraically combining its parts. - [How Hard Is It to Encapsulate Life? The General Constraints on Encapsulation](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/475) — Chris Kempes et. al., 2025. What this means for DSRP — our reading This section is our interpretation, not a conclusion made by Kempes, Avila, and Mathis. The study provides a strong ontological ex… - [A comparative study on the names of higher education institutions in China and the United States: quantitative linguistic approaches](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/514) — Zhu et al., 2026. The whole corpus of names exhibits a statistical regularity invisible in any individual name, and a macro-level governance structure is treated as a relational driver of… - [A decagon wave around Saturn's south pole](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/515) — Sánchez-Lavega et al., 2026. Saturn's south-polar atmosphere organizes into a coherent whole-system wave spanning multiple atmospheric layers, categorically distinct from previously known polar jet… - [A Decision Tree for the Legal Classification of Food Supplements in the European Union Based on an Analysis of RASFF Notifications on Food Traded Online](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/516) — Krejbich et al., 2026. Which legal category a hazardous substance is assigned to is an act of drawing a distinction, and which side of that boundary it falls on determines its entire regulator… - [A demonstration that classical gravity does not produce entanglement](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/517) — Schneider et al., 2026. The finding turns on distinguishing classical from quantum gravity as the causal mediator of a relationship between two particles, ruling out one candidate relationship-… - [A game-theoretic attack-defense framework for the study of network resilience](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/518) — Zhao et al., 2026. Network resilience emerges from the coupled relationship between attacker and defender rather than from network topology alone. Optimal strategies depend on distinguishi… - [A gas-enshrouded and gas-reddened black hole at cosmic dawn](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/519) — Naidu et al., 2026. A composite whole (black hole plus enveloping gas) produced emergent behavior that did not fit either of the existing part-based categories, forcing a new distinction to… - [A global atmospheric methane record from a tropical ice core](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/520) — Lamantia et al., 2026. The same global methane signal reads differently depending on where on Earth it is sampled (Pvp); reconciling a tropical vantage point with the polar record required rec… - [A phylogenetic analysis of Gammarus species (Crustacea: Amphipoda, Gammaridae) from Iran, with description of a new species](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/521) — Alimohammadi et al., 2026. Drawing a species boundary is a distinction — fixing what an entity is against what it is not. The boundary is then confirmed by relationship: where the animal sits on a… - [A selection-aware view of black hole–galaxy coevolution at high redshift](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/522) — Ziparo et al., 2026. The black hole (part) and its host galaxy (whole system) are coupled through a mass-scaling relationship whose average form is fixed early in cosmic history, while syste… - [A Sequential Markov Probabilistic Aggregation Algorithm for Causal Emergence in Markov Aggregation](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/523) — Hou & Dai, 2026. The study demonstrates that probabilistically aggregated macrostates can possess greater causal information than the microstates from which they are constructed. - [A theory of political divergence and gradual institutional change](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/524) — Yang, 2026. Institutions and social structures are modeled as a system whose long-run trajectory is produced by shifting relationships (coalitions) among its parts (rulers, elites,… - [Adaptive zones of feliforms and evolutionary regimes within terrestrial mammalian carnivores](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/525) — Barrett et al., 2026. Whether tooth shape predicts diet (a relationship) depends on which adaptive-zone category (a distinction) a carnivore lineage occupies, within a broader system of evolu… - [Amplified cooling of Snowball Earth from a salt-albedo feedback](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/527) — Samuelsberg et al., 2026. A self-reinforcing causal feedback loop, once a temperature threshold is crossed, locks the climate system into one of two qualitatively distinct stable states. - [Ancient DNA reveals early use of melons in China's Song dynasty](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/528) — Renner et al., 2026. A categorical distinction (a non-dessert melon type unlike modern varieties) is explained by a relational/historical connection — a trade-route origin — rather than by i… - [Animal degradation of microbial storage polyhydroxyalkanoates](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/529) — Zeidler et al., 2026. A previously unrecognized trophic connection between animals and microbial carbon reserves redraws the category boundary of what counts as food. - [Approaching an unknown communication system by latent space exploration and causal inference](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/530) — Beguš et al., 2026. An AI model is used to infer the internal structure of another species' communication system from an outside vantage point, with no shared frame of reference or ground-t… - [Arabic morphology: from morphome to morpheme](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/531) — Camilleri and Idrissi, 2026. A verb form is shown to be a whole composed of interacting structural parts, and the identical formal part is classified into different categories depending on which dia… - [Are Voters Myopic or Looking for Improvement?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/532) — Prior et al., 2026. Testing two rival explanations of voter judgment shows the one that survives is fundamentally relational: voters track the direction of change across a sequence of outco… - [Articles are inversely associated with inflectional case in Indo-European](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/533) — Goldstein, 2026. Case-marking and articles function as alternative substructures for encoding the same referential function within one grammatical system, so as one part shrinks the othe… - [Beyond the mole: redefining harbour capacity for the ancient Mediterranean](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/535) — Nantet et al., 2026. A harbour's true functional capacity is a property of the whole integrated system (formal basin plus surrounding anchorage zones), not of its most visible built part alo… - [Central role of Labrador Sea convection for transport of oxygen into the deep North Atlantic Ocean](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/536) — Miller et al., 2026. Deep convection is the causal mechanism (R) that redistributes oxygen, and the whole ventilation budget only balances once two distinct component parts — local air-sea e… - [Chemical fingerprints of binary mass transfer in massive stars](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/537) — Jin et al., 2026. The finding is fundamentally a boundary claim: a diagnostic threshold in abundance-ratio space distinguishes what a star is (a former mass-gainer) from what it is not (a… - [Climate warming drives thermal shocks and accelerated freshwater habitat fragmentation](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/538) — Wang et al., 2026. A smooth, continuous cause (gradual warming) is shown to cross discrete thermal thresholds that carve a once-continuous habitat system into disconnected fragments, turni… - [Co-Opetitive Bridging Structure in Rumor Cascades: A Multilayer Overlapping Community Approach with Information-Theoretic Characterization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/539) — Sun & Liu, 2026. A social system decomposes into overlapping camps (systems) whose members are cleanly separated by role (distinctions) and which relate to each other with opposite valen… - [Composite value index of design patent indicators](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/540) — Thoma, 2026. The study shows that combining multiple patent indicators into a single composite index produces predictive value beyond that of the individual indicators. - [Compositional Generator Equivalence](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/541) — Vandikas et al., 2026. Whether a generator's whole behavior can be soundly justified from a coarse composition of its parts, versus needing the fine-grained whole, is a parts-whole systems que… - [Corporate Crime and Conceptions of a Corporate Person](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/543) — Horder, 2026. Corporate criminal liability doctrine hinges on which whole-versus-parts model of the corporation is adopted -- an aggregate of individuals versus an emergent legal enti… - [County surveillance failed to detect that measles transmission reached epidemic threshold in schools](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/544) — Chen et al., 2026. An aggregate (the county) can sit safely below a critical boundary while its own parts (individual schools) have already crossed it, so the whole conceals what its parts… - [Creating a brand. Genesis, transformation and diffusion of Qurayyah Painted Ware](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/545) — Luciani et al., 2026. A consistently maintained decorative marker functions as a distinction between this ware and any other, but the marker only does its job because a trading partner is rec… - [Cultural capital and the social origin pay gap in the UK: Do you like the opera?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/546) — Vallely, 2026. Cultural capital acts as a relationship that changes the strength of the link between social origin and pay, and that effect itself differs across distinct social-origin… - [Datafied Kinship](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/547) — Hashmi et al., 2026. Individual identity is constituted through relations to other identified individuals rather than by attributes alone (R), and a person's status depends on their position… - [Deimos's shape and geology explained by a subcatastrophic impact](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/548) — Raducan et al., 2026. The finding turns on a sharp contrast between Deimos's smooth, weak, porous surface and that of its sibling moon Phobos and the Moon's regolith, resolved by identifying… - [Democracy as a frame: Contested meanings of democracy, frame reclaiming, and mass mobilization in Israel](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/549) — Sicron, 2026. Two rival movements adopt different vantage points (frames) on the same concept, and the distinction between the content of those frames relates causally to how much pub… - [Disconnection of the late Pliocene Agulhas Leakage from Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/551) — Hou et al., 2026. The study examines how the causal relationship between two major ocean circulation systems breaks down, creating distinct connected and disconnected circulation regimes. - [Dissecting pleiotropy between major depressive disorder and physical disease comorbidities](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/552) — Woodward et al., 2026. The whole genetic architecture of a disorder is decomposed into distinct disease-cluster categories, and the shared genetic liability between those categories and the di… - [Durable majority gerrymanders: Where partisan gerrymandering can displace democracy](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/554) — Palmer and Schneer, 2026. Aggregating many individually drawn districts (parts) into a statewide map (whole) can lock in majority control independent of vote share, and the durable/non-durable li… - [Dynamic Rupture Process of the 2025 Mw 7.1 Dingri, Tibet, Earthquake: Insights into the Role of Fault Geometry and Stress Heterogeneity](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/555) — Xie, 2026. Asymmetric pre-existing stress is shown to causally control how the rupture propagates (R), and a geometric bend in the fault acts as a discrete stress-concentration bou… - [Early origin of viviparity in the mammalian lineage](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/556) — Gaetano et al., 2026. A quantitative threshold in neonate-to-adult body-mass ratio functions as a categorical boundary separating live-bearing from egg-laying reproductive strategies, reconst… - [Earthquake-triggered cascading hazards under Arctic amplification](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/557) — de Melo et al., 2026. Decades of climate warming causally weaken rock stability through a multi-system chain — warming, permafrost thaw, slope failure — producing an event categorically unpre… - [Ecological scale mediates nonlinear relationships of animal nutrient excretion with dissolved organic matter](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/558) — Klemet-N'Guessan et al., 2026. The same underlying animal-nutrient interaction looks like a different relationship shape depending on the organizational scale and taxon at which it is measured, showin… - [Emergent metastable behavior in a resource-constrained network of exclusion processes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/559) — Bhatia et al., 2026. The network's behaviour belongs to the whole and to no lane in it, and it arises because the parts are coupled through a shared pool. The phases themselves are boundarie… - [EP260321a/SN 2026gzf: The Faintest Shock Breakout Associated with a Broad-lined Supernova](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/560) — O'Connor et al., 2026. The finding turns on a category boundary: the event is classified within or outside the established broad-lined Type Ic supernova class based on the presence or absence… - [Evaluating Context in LLM Prompts for Causal Inference in Empirical Sustainability Studies](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/561) — Zhang and Fan, 2026. An AI system can correctly identify causal relationships and their direction yet fail at the accompanying distinction task of bounding which connections genuinely belong… - [Evidence for the first globular cluster stellar stream beyond the Milky Way](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/562) — Holm et al., 2026. A visible part (a thin stellar stream) is used to infer the invisible whole (the galaxy's total gravitational mass), with the gap between visible and total mass read out… - [Examining the Dynamics of Mind-Wandering During Music Listening: A Network Perspective](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/563) — Taruffi and Vroegh, 2026. Subjective experience is modeled not as isolated variables but as a set of interacting parts (DSR), with the pattern and strength of those connections doing the explanat… - [Exhumation of Grand Canyon's basement along the Great Escarpment of Laurentia](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/564) — Gernon et al., 2026. A continent-scale rift-flank system (the whole) explains spatially varying local erosion depths (the parts) through a distance-dependent causal relationship, framed agai… - [Experimental Characterization of Emergent Behavior in Bio-Inspired Swarm Intelligence Algorithms](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/565) — Lazo et al., 2026. Whole-swarm reorganization dynamics are a real, measurable level of description distinct from and not reducible to the individual-agent rules that generate them. - [Failure to track a stable AMOC state under rapid climate change](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/566) — van Westen et al., 2026. The AMOC's fate turns on the relationship between forcing rate and system response, not on a fixed state boundary — the same distinction (stable vs. collapsed) sits at a… - [Framing and Willingness to Pay for a Local Health Department: Evidence from a COVID-19 Contingent Valuation Experiment](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/568) — Orgill-Meyer et al., 2026. The study tests whether willingness to pay is driven by message framing or by the observer's political perspective. - [From Imperium to Ius Puniendi: On the Distinction Between Punishment and Enforcement](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/569) — Lorca, 2026. The paper's core contribution is showing that two legal categories were falsely merged and must be held as distinct, which reshapes which forms of state coercion get scr… - [From political narrative to enforcement practice: Ineffectiveness, discretion and the punitive logic of expulsions in Spain](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/570) — Jubany et al., 2026. Frontline enforcement agents occupy a different vantage point than policymakers, so the same deportation-policy narrative is reinterpreted differently depending on posit… - [From radiation to provinces: spatial scaling of Cambrian diversity](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/571) — Na et al., 2026. The global diversity 'whole' is not simply the hierarchical sum of its regional 'parts'; it is a system whose identity depends on turnover among semi-independent provinc… - [Functional percolation: criticality of form and function](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/573) — Wilkerson, 2026. A whole-network structural transition (percolation threshold) creates a sharp boundary that simultaneously reorganizes the functional relationships and information flows… - [Gendered exit and displacement: Social reproduction and automation in Bangladesh's garment industry](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/574) — Deb and Rahman, 2026. One macro outcome is decomposed into two sub-mechanisms — a part–whole move — and each is then given a direction of effect on the outcome. - [Giant Spin-Electric Coupling in Heterometallic Porphyrin Dimers](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/575) — Lu et al., 2026. The giant magnetoelectric effect is a relationship (electric field controlling spin coupling) that exists only because the two metal centers in the dimer are categorical… - [Global estimation of bankfull river discharge reveals distinct flood recurrences across climate zones](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/576) — Liu et al., 2026. The correct discharge-to-return-period relationship only emerges once rivers are sorted into climate-zone categories rather than treated as one undifferentiated global c… - [Graphite lubricates Mercury's global contraction](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/577) — Vergara Sassarini et al., 2026. A buried compositional layer nested within the crust mediates the causal link between interior cooling and the surface fault geometry actually observed. - [Green Infrastructure as a Climate Shield: Nonlinear Flood Response and Extremes Saturation in a Tropical Andean Urban Watershed](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/578) — Sánchez-Balseca et al., 2026. Land cover is a part of the watershed and flood behaviour a property of the whole, so the finding is part–whole; the effect of cover on peak flow is action and reaction;… - [Hadley circulation drives material isolation and pole-to-pole teleconnection on Mars](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/579) — Fan et al., 2026. A single coherent circulation system (the whole) creates a dynamical boundary that isolates material inside versus outside it (a distinction), while that same whole-syst… - [HawkesRank: Event-driven centrality for real-time importance ranking](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/580) — Sornette et al., 2026. Reframing a network's importance structure as a relational, whole-system property — separating self-generated from externally triggered activity — recovers classic stati… - [Heteropore-Mediated Pore-Environment Tuning in a Covalent Organic Framework for Balanced Capture of Structurally Diverse PFAS](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/581) — Wei et al., 2026. Whole-material performance emerges from combining two distinct pore-scale parts (transport-optimized mesopores and binding-optimized micropores) that neither achieves al… - [Hierarchical self-organization of framboidal pyrite enables biosignature preservation](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/582) — Gao et al., 2026. The spherical framboid (whole) forms through nested, scale-dependent sub-processes building outward from a fractal aggregate core to a protective crystalline rim (part/w… - [Homophily in grant evaluations](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/583) — Fuchs-Schündeln et al., 2026. The same proposal receives a different evaluation depending on the reviewer's own vantage point and identity, and that shift is quantified as a measurable relational mat… - [How Norms Depend on the Presence and Status of Observers: The Relational Contingency of Everyday Behaviors in 90 Societies](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/584) — Simpson et al., 2026. Whether a behavior is judged appropriate is set relationally by who is watching and from what social standing, so the observing relationship functions as a perspective t… - [Hydraulic traits govern opposing range shifts of montane trees under warming](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/585) — Zhang et al., 2026. The causal effect of a single driver (warming) on an outcome (range-shift direction) is not fixed but is routed through which relationship-path a species falls on, and t… - [Identification of distinctive new rainforest communities in the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area, Australia](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/586) — Bendall et al., 2026. A clean distinctions case: an existing categorical boundary (mapped vegetation type) failed to match the features on the ground, and redrawing that boundary produced new… - [Impact-resistant, autonomous robots inspired by tensegrity architecture](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/587) — Johnson et al., 2026. Impact resilience is a whole-system property that emerges from the distributed cable-strut architecture and cannot be attributed to any individual component, a textbook… - [Integrating or segregating? Gentrification, the changing city-suburb divide, and black exceptionalism](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/588) — Hwang et al., 2026. The segregation/integration boundary (D) is decomposed across race-income groups and across the city-versus-suburb parts of a metro area (S), and the same underlying pro… - [Interaction-driven flat band and charge order in Fe5GeTe2](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/589) — Gao et al., 2026. The result is a whole-system emergent behavior — large groups of electrons collectively slowed while remaining quantum-coherent, unlike any single electron — that is its… - [Interactions between Mechanisms of Reproductive Isolation](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/590) — Blanckaert et al., 2026. Species boundaries emerge from the interaction of ecological, behavioral, and genetic isolation mechanisms rather than from any single factor alone, independently instan… - [Interobserver and intraobserver variability of fetal and maternal Doppler measurements: systematic review and meta-analysis](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/591) — Prins et al., 2026. The same physiological signal yields a different measured value depending on which observer takes the measurement, showing the reading is partly a function of observing… - [Interpreting quantum-reference-frame transformations through a simple example](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/592) — Castro-Ruiz et al., 2026. What can be observed or distinguished about a physical system depends on which reference frame — which vantage point — describes it, and comparing three competing theore… - [Layer-engineered quantum anomalous Hall effect in twisted rhombohedral graphene](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/597) — Chen et al., 2026. A purely compositional variable (number of stacked atomic layers) sets a discrete, whole-system property (the topological Chern number) that no single layer possesses al… - [Leading From the Front: Leadership Fitness Is Associated with Fire Station Crew Fitness](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/598) — Martin et al., 2026. A relationship (leader fitness predicts crew fitness) is only load-bearing when a systems condition holds: the leadership sub-structure must be complete (captain and lie… - [Longitudinal Relations Among Theory of Mind, Advanced Theory of Mind, and Executive Function From Ages Four to Seven](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/600) — Osterhaus et al., 2026. Children develop the ability to take perspectives on other minds (perspectives on perspectives). - [Male production in green sea turtles under a feminizing climate: A validated model of sex ratios with temperature-dependent sex determination](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/603) — Girondot et al., 2026. Whether a nest counts as male- or female-producing depends on the scale at which temperature is measured — mean nest temperature versus fine-grained within-nest variatio… - [Modeling the combined effects of the 2023 Türkiye–Syria earthquake and an Atmospheric River event on landslide hazard](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/605) — Jimenez et al., 2026. Landslide hazard is not a sum of two independent risk factors but an emergent property of how the earthquake and rainfall subsystems relate in time — their sequencing sh… - [More Links but Fewer Effective Routes: Entropy and Resilience in Global Lithium, Cobalt and Nickel Trade Networks](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/606) — Liu et al., 2026. The network's whole-level functional property (route diversity, resilience) does not scale with the simple count of its parts (links), and entropy is used as a relationa… - [Multilayer financial similarity networks and systemic firm centrality in China](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/607) — Yu et al., 2026. The same set of firms yields different 'central' members depending on which measurement perspective (accounting layer) is used to build the network, showing that systemi… - [Multilayer soil moisture depletion intensifies drought impacts on global ecosystems](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/608) — Gu et al., 2026. Soil is treated as a layered system whose parts (individual depth layers) combine to buffer drought, and the vantage point used to measure it (single profile-average ver… - [Nigeria's time-varying inflation threshold and asymmetric exchange-rate pass-through under changing fiscal and structural conditions](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/609) — Salami, 2026. Which side of a distinction (above vs. below an inflation threshold) a system sits on determines whether one variable (currency depreciation) affects another (inflation)… - [Not Learning from Others](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/610) — Conlon et al., 2026. The same information is weighted differently depending on whose vantage point it came from (self versus other), showing that belief-updating is perspective-relative rath… - [Numerous bow shocks in the outer Helix Nebula](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/611) — van Dokkum et al., 2026. The bow shocks are the direct signature of ejecta fragments (parts) colliding with the interstellar medium (R), and their loss of coherence over ~10,000 years marks the… - [One hundred and twenty-three years of nitrogen inputs and outputs at a forested watershed in central Appalachia](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/613) — Peterjohn, 2026. The study examines how a watershed functions as an integrated system whose long-term outputs depend on historical inputs and a threshold governing nitrogen release. - [Optimal coalition structures in supply chains: a cooperative game approach to economic lot-sizing in emerging markets](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/615) — Razghandi et al., 2026. Independent parts (autonomous retailers) combine into a whole (a stable coalition) whose emergent social-welfare outcome exceeds what any part achieves alone. - [Pacific Bluefin Tuna maintain trophic stability despite shifting diet composition over 12 years in the California Current Ecosystem](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/616) — Richards et al., 2026. A system-level relational property (trophic position) can stay invariant even as the specific parts composing it (prey species) are substantially swapped out, showing th… - [Pangenome-guided breeding restores high-altitude adaptation and improves yield in Tartary buckwheat](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/617) — Zhang et al., 2026. A gene's presence or absence across cultivars is a hard distinction (D), located within the structural-variant architecture of the whole pangenome (S), and its combinati… - [Partisan bias in a sorted party system: A problem of epistemic inequality](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/618) — Pottle, 2026. Whether a person's testimony is believed depends on the listener's partisan vantage point on the speaker's social group, a perspective-dependent credibility judgment tha… - [Perception gaps in the British Parliament reveal a possible pathway to stronger climate policy action](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/619) — Tanase et al., 2026. Members of Parliament's internal model of what the public believes is measurably different from the public's actual position as captured by independent polling, and this… - [Planetary energy budget during abrupt glacial climate events set by Atlantic Ocean heat valve](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/620) — Buizert et al., 2026. A single subsystem (the AMOC) is shown to govern the behavior of the entire planetary system it sits within, and it does so by actively driving the planet's energy balan… - [Prediction of grain boundary energy and understanding of grain boundary structure-energy relationship by machine learning](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/621) — Lu et al., 2026. The paper treats the grain boundary itself as the fundamental distinction-line separating two crystal orientation domains, and shows that the geometry of that distinctio… - [Preserved diastolic carotid blood flow is associated with higher diastolic aortic pressure in lifelong female pearl divers](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/622) — Sakamoto et al., 2026. Comparing a group defined by lifelong extreme exposure against controls reveals a causal chain in which lower arterial stiffness mediates preserved diastolic blood flow… - [Rate of Caustic-crossing Microlensing Events in Stellar Binary Lenses with Significant Orbital Motion](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/623) — Murlidhar et al., 2026. A binary system's caustics are an emergent whole-system property that neither lens alone produces, and a caustic crossing is itself a sharp boundary event; what is large… - [Recent hybridization burst in diploid-tetraploid Cardamine contact zones in the Apennines: Are allotriploids threatening the persistence of parental species?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/624) — Majerová et al., 2026. A categorical boundary long assumed to separate two species turns out to be porous, sustained only by an active cross-boundary relationship. - [Redefining biologically borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: a data-driven reassessment of CA19-9 cutoff and a preoperative lymph node metastasis prediction model](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/625) — Yamada et al., 2026. Where a diagnostic boundary is drawn determines which patients are grouped together, and moving that boundary to match the real prognostic split reveals a survival relat… - [Redistricting Reforms Reduce Gerrymandering by Constraining Partisan Actors](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/626) — McCartan et al., 2026. Where a district boundary is drawn is not a neutral technicality — the distinction rule used to partition voters directly determines the downstream partisan outcome. - [Reference-Dependent Preferences and Sentiment-Driven Asset Prices](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/627) — Benhabib et al., 2026. Asset values are shown to depend on investors' reference point (a perspective that reframes identical fundamentals), which then feeds back causally into prices, coupling… - [Research on the causal mechanism of prefabricated building accidents: a comprehensive framework integrating association rule mining and graph neural network](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/628) — Liu et al., 2026. The finding is incomplete without both a relational reading -- causal chains and bridging factors that propagate risk from one accident factor to another -- and a system… - [Reverse or Reflexive Transnationalism? Second-Generation Turkish-Germans' Engagements With 'Here' and 'There' After Return Migration](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/629) — King & Kılınç, 2026. The same homeland and life circumstances are evaluated differently depending on which national vantage point the migrant currently occupies, a direct empirical instance… - [Revisiting the Cocktail Effect in High-Entropy Layered Double Hydroxides: Linear Additivity Rather than Emergent Behavior](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/630) — Maluangnont et al., 2026. The whole compound's electronic and dielectric properties reduce cleanly to a composition-weighted combination of its parts, a direct quantitative test of whether a syst… - [Rising Sex Ratio and Labor Supply of the Urban Elderly in China](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/631) — Kuang et al., 2026. A market-level imbalance causally propagates into individual economic behavior, but only through the categorical distinction between fathers of sons and fathers of daugh… - [Rotational broadening of exoplanet spectra in arbitrarily oriented systems: Application to reflected light](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/632) — Vaughan et al., 2026. The same physical planet yields a substantially different measured signal purely as a function of the geometric vantage point from which it is observed, with the broaden… - [Secular change in orogenic duration reveals alternating tectonic regimes during the Archaean-Proterozoic](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/634) — Zou et al., 2026. Earth's tectonic system, viewed across billion-year timescales, shows a whole-history pattern (alternating regimes) that only emerges from comparing the durations of its… - [Senior Bureaucrats, Coalitions and the Quality of Government: Accounting for Effective Governance in Fragmented Settings](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/636) — Borges et al., 2026. The effect of cabinet fragmentation depends on how it interacts with bureaucratic recruitment structures, demonstrating that governance quality emerges from relationship… - [Sensory data-driven classification of complex regional pain syndrome: a multicentre cohort study](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/637) — Vollert et al., 2026. The study focuses on the distinction between a fixed top-down disease model to be replaced with a bottom-up from the data itself model. - [Shrub-mediated vertical coupling regulates Holocene ecosystem variability and transition dynamics](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/638) — Wang et al., 2026. A part of the whole system (the shrub layer) is shown to mediate the relationship between two other parts (canopy and ground vegetation), and the nature of that relation… - [Signal-induced recruitment and dispatchment in reconfigurable phase-separated protocell networks](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/639) — Yin et al., 2026. A chemical signal acting on protocells (R) flips a phase-compatibility boundary that gates membership in a shared droplet phase (D), and the resulting recruit/dispatch d… - [Socioeconomic inequalities in functional ageing trajectories in England and Canada: A comparative longitudinal cohort study](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/640) — Schrempft et al., 2026. Crossing a wealth boundary (poorest vs. wealthiest) is tied to a large, measurable difference in the rate of physical decline, linking a categorical distinction to a cau… - [Spanish-Guaraní Code-Switching in Social Media: A Dependency Parsing Study](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/641) — Kellert, 2026. Bilingual speech is organized as a system with a dominant 'matrix' language governing overall structure, and the finding turns on a categorical distinction in where with… - [Structural basis of transcription of the hachimoji eight-letter alphabet by E. coli RNA polymerase](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/643) — Li et al., 2026. The presumed boundary between 'natural' and 'synthetic' genetic building blocks collapses at the mechanistic level: the same whole-enzyme recognition architecture, uncha… - [Structure of the Free Interfaces Near Triple Junction Singularities in Harmonic Maps and Optimal Partition Problems](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/644) — Ognibene and Velichkov, 2026. The theorem characterizes how a domain's whole free-interface structure is built from distinct constituent surface-parts meeting at a precisely characterized shared boun… - [Substance or Ritual? Coding Judicial Reasoning on the Triple Test in Economic Offence Bail: A Cross-Jurisdictional Empirical Study of India, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/646) — Singh et al., 2026. A single formal category-boundary test is applied differently depending on the legal vantage point applying it, so one nominal distinction functions as several different… - [Surface geometry, segmentation and kinematic features of Dodurga Fault, Eskişehir Fault Zone, NW Anatolia](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/647) — Elma et al., 2026. The fault's combined rupture potential exceeds what either constituent segment (distinguished by a geometric step-over boundary) could produce alone, showing parts combi… - [Sustained ash emission during lava effusion is a hidden volcanic hazard of silicic eruptions](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/648) — Zhang et al., 2026. A mis-drawn categorical distinction (effusive vs. explosive eruption style) causes a real physical process to be systematically overlooked by hazard classification. - [Symphonic Gift: Wagner's Siegfried Idyll and the Hermeneutics of Sonata Form](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/649) — Echevarria, 2026. The analysis turns on a diatonic-versus-hexatonic distinction (D), traced across nested leitmotivic, tonal, formal, and structural levels (S), and used to reconcile comp… - [Systematic Underestimation of Nonlinear and Synergistic Soil Moisture-Precipitation Coupling in Convection-Permitting Models](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/650) — Gao et al., 2026. The paper's core contribution is quantifying how strongly one Earth-system variable acts on another beyond mere co-occurrence, showing that simple correlational framing… - [TGW1a locus simultaneously shortens growth duration and boosts grain yield in rice](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/656) — Li et al., 2026. One locus's dual-trait effect is explained by a protein-interaction relationship plus a restructured genetic linkage — decoupling (D) two previously coupled traits lets… - [The co-constructed ethnographer: Fieldwork with children and the relational production of positionality](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/658) — Sequeira, 2026. The observer's vantage point is not a fixed attribute but is actively produced through interaction with those being studied — perspective as an emergent, relationally-co… - [The correlation between voids identified in 3D large-scale structure and 2D weak-lensing maps](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/659) — Fang et al., 2026. The same cosmic voids are identified across two observational perspectives—2D weak-lensing maps and direct 3D reconstruction—showing that changing perspective changes wh… - [The dominant role of temperature in seasonal ozone sensitivity changes in China](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/660) — Wang et al., 2026. The study identifies temperature as the primary driver of seasonal shifts between VOC-limited and NOx-limited ozone regimes. - [The global structure of classroom social networks predicts academic and psycho-social adjustment](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/663) — Neuendorf et al., 2026. The classroom as an aggregated whole carries predictive information absent from any individual student's data, and distinct relationship types prove non-interchangeable… - [The language vs. dialect distinction again](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/664) — Herce, 2026. Tests whether a presumed categorical boundary (language vs. dialect) is real or is instead fully absorbed by the underlying nested, branching (part/whole) phylogenetic s… - [The rise of large language models and the direction and impact of US federal research funding](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/665) — Qian et al., 2026. The result turns on a distinction metric (how semantically distinct a proposal is from already-funded work) and a whole-versus-parts tension: gains at the level of indiv… - [The role of root semantics in determining argument alternations](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/666) — Beavers and Jerro, 2026. A verb's argument-alternation behavior is a whole composed of two interacting parts (event template and semantic root) whose combination is not reducible to either part,… - [Topographic accessibility and proto-urban settlement organization in Neolithic China](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/668) — Cheng et al., 2026. The relationship between a driving factor (terrain accessibility) and the organization of a system (settlement distribution) is shown to be historically contingent — str… - [Topographic regime controls the response of erosion to large earthquakes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/669) — Wang et al., 2026. The same triggering event produces different whole-catchment erosion behavior depending on how the system is structurally composed (its topographic regime), showing syst… - [Topological mixing and irreversibility in animal chromosome evolution](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/670) — Schultz et al., 2026. Chromosomal fusion events combine parts into new irreversible wholes, showing composition (S) is gated by a one-way category boundary (D). - [Tracing magma generation and evolution in a multi-level magma plumbing system at the Izu rear-arc](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/671) — Edgar et al., 2026. A single erupted magma is shown to be the product of a nested, multi-level system of distinct source reservoirs, with a clear compositional boundary marking two contribu… - [Tropical–Extratropical Teleconnection of the Winter Atlantic Niño in a Climate Model](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/672) — Gil-Reyes et al., 2026. A teleconnection is action and reaction across distance: a change in one place produces a specific change in another, with the direction of the effect established. - [Turbulent seismoacoustic imprints during a hurricane landfall](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/673) — Ji et al., 2026. The hurricane's boundary-layer turbulence is a single phenomenon that discloses itself differently depending on the sensing modality (seismometer/infrasound vs. anemomet… - [Two-stage AHP–AHP optimization of forage turnip–pea mixtures based on LER, yield and quality](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/674) — Yıldırım et al., 2026. The turnip-pea intercrop is treated as a whole system whose combined yield is compared against its parts grown apart, with the interspecies relationship between the two… - [Ultrahigh pressure phase transition in ice](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/675) — Osmond et al., 2026. A qualitatively new, symmetry-distinct material category only exists once a sharp pressure threshold is crossed, produced by the whole crystal lattice reorganizing colle… - [Untrustworthy sources on Facebook and Instagram in 2020: Concentrated exposure but no attitudinal effects](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/676) — Bergeron-Boutin et al., 2026. The study tests whether exposure to untrustworthy social media sources causally influences political attitudes. - [Virus Acquisition and Retention Periods for Transmission of Triticum Mosaic Virus by the Wheat Curl Mite](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/677) — Knoell et al., 2026. The paper quantifies the action/reaction dynamics of a vector-virus-plant relationship over time, an independently derived Relationships finding. - [Weak evolution of cosmic atomic hydrogen over the past 4.5 billion years](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/678) — Zhang et al., 2026. A whole system's output (galaxy-wide star formation) is governed by an intervening relationship — the efficiency of converting one part (atomic gas) into the form actual… - [Widespread carbon accumulation in mature forests remains underestimated by satellite observations](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/680) — Ma et al., 2026. The study shows that the same forests produce different carbon estimates depending on the observational perspective used to measure them. - [World's population susceptible to water risks is concentrated in two of the 58 IPCC reference regions](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/681) — Varis et al., 2026. The finding rests on a sharp categorical contrast between two regions and the rest of the world, and on how a global total (population exposed to water risk) decomposes… - [Youth Subjective Life Expectancy and Early Labor Market Choices](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/682) — Finamor et al., 2026. Each young person's self-modeled forecast of their own future — an internal vantage point that diverges from actuarial reality — is the causal variable (P), and this sub… - [Dynamical friction in stratified stellar envelopes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/685) — Damien Gagnier, 2026. The finding shows that the force felt by an orbiting body (a part) depends on the global structure of the medium as a whole, not merely on the medium's local properties… - [Global Kilometer-Scale Simulations with ARP-GEM2: Effect of Parameterized Convection and Calibration](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/686) — Olivier Geoffroy, David Saint-Martin, 2026. The finding shows that the atmosphere's small-scale convective processes (parts) remain important to the whole system's simulated behavior even as resolution becomes ver… - [Memory, Crisis and Boundary Hardening: Historical Persecution Narratives and Attitudes Towards Arab Citizens of Israel](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/687) — Yuval Feinstein, Gal Ariely, Daphna Canetti, 2026. The finding shows that strengthening endorsement of a persecution-centered historical narrative is associated with a hardening of the symbolic boundary distinguishing an… - [Why twelve notes? An economic model of scale size and evidence on chromatic pitch-class use in Western classical music, 1485–1963](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/688) — Eamon McGinn, Sergey Alexeev, 2026. The finding shows that a categorical structure — a finite set of discrete pitch classes rather than a continuous pitch space — emerges from a trade-off relationship betw… - [Scaling of Nanoalloy Phase Transitions: Elucidating the Distinct Role of Surface Sites](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/689) — Leonid Rubinovich, Micha Polak, 2026. The finding shows that a nanoparticle's overall (whole) phase-transition behavior cannot be captured by a single scaling law but must be decomposed into contributions fr… - [Urban Animal Density: Red Foxes and Emergent Sociality in the City](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/693) — Tom Fry, 2026. The paper treats density as a whole-level condition that generates novel social forms among the individuals living within it, and shows that humans and foxes come to hol… - [Gulf of Alaska Coastal Water Transport Pathways and Implications for Ecosystem Response](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/694) — Élise Beaudin, Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Mara A. Freilich, Arthur J. Miller, 2026. The finding shows that the offshore ecosystem's nutrient supply depends on relationships between atmospheric forcing and multiple transport pathways, and that the whole… - [Knowledge protection and modularity of innovation activities in firms: Evidence from US trade secrecy law](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/695) — Eunkwang Seo, Christopher P. Dinkel, 2026. The finding shows that a change in the legal relationship governing knowledge protection reshapes how a firm's innovation activity is decomposed into more or less separa… - [Electrode Potential-Programmed Active-Site Ensembles Govern Electrocatalysis](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/696) — Xue-Chun Jiang, Jia-Lan Chen, Wei-Xue Li, Jin-Xun Liu, 2026. The finding treats catalytic activity as a whole-level (ensemble) property that emerges from the shifting mix of its parts (local active-site environments) rather than f… - [China's Local Debt Reform for Fiscal Sustainability: Cost Reduction Effect and Allocative Boundary](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/697) — Yongling Wang, Lin Lu, 2026. The finding shows that redrawing the legal boundary of government liability for firm debt produces a relational (causal) effect on borrowing costs that appears only for…