[DSRP Evidence](https://dsrpevidence.org/) # Systems S = (p ↔ w) — part and whole, constructed rather than given. 128 independent studies show this pattern. - [Dynamic Theory of Personality](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/3) — Kurt Lewin, 1935. It is not enough to make distinctions and relationships between objects/concepts, but one also has to evaluate the concepts/objects as parts and wholes. This also suggests that re… - [Perception, language, and the part-whole problem.](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/5) — Mooney, 1951. Even in 1951, people were aware that part-whole didn’t just apply to the things it came easy to, like mathematics. More importantly, it showed that the relationship between the Pa… - [The Architecture of Complexity](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/6) — Herbert A. Simon, 1962. The structure of Part-Whole Systems are not only found in Nature but also in the Mind. - [Towards a System of Systems Concepts](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/10) — Ackoff, 1971. One can and should apply systems thinking to systems thinking. - [The History and Status of General Systems Theory](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/11) — Bertalanffy, 1972. This paper highlights the importance of recognizing the parts, the whole, and the relationships between the parts. - [Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/12) — Rittel and Webber, 1973. A deeper understanding of the Systems and wicked problems they face, leads to identifying the root causes of the problem in the first place - [On the Concept of a System](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/13) — Marchal, 1975. Marchal is essentially drawing a line between Distinctions and Systems for us. One is able to turn a system into a distinction, and Marchal acknowledges later that systems are als… - [Objects, Parts, and Categories](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/20) — Tversky and Hemenway, 1984. Smaller parts are easier to deal with conceptually, but also because each Part is an entity within itself, and needs to be dealt with as a distinct thing. The work has shown that… - [The Enormous Theorem](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/24) — Gorenstein, 1985. Gorenstein explains that, “One can now appreciate how the rules for combining the elements in a group are the basic laws of arithmetic in more abstract form.” The very basis of ma… - [The Adaptive Nature of Human Categorization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/29) — Anderson, 1991. While categorization is an important process to study, it is not the most fundamental process to study, because it is not a universal pattern of mind such as part-whole systems. - [Concepts do more than categorize](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/43) — Solomon et al., 1999. This analysis emphasizes the importance of seeing parts and wholes in the larger context of interrelatedness to better understand systems. - [Categorization in infancy](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/48) — Mareschal and Quinn, 2001. Their research demonstrated that the Distinction making process begins early in life, and leads one to see that Distinction making is also an essential part of categorization. Thi… - [Categorization in single neurons](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/49) — Pellegrino, 2001. Categorical knowledge and the elemental patterns of part-whole systems is explicitly represented in the firing rates of prefrontal neurons. - [HIFa Targeted for VHL-Mediated Destruction by Proline Hydroxylation: Implications for O2 Sensing](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/51) — Ivan et. al., 2001. Non-neural entities such as cells have the ability to make distinctions, speaking to the fundamentality of the D,S,R, and P patterns. - [Procedural learning in perceptual categorization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/63) — Ashby et al., 2003. Categorization of objects and information developed through making distinctions and forming a physical relationship to them, resulted in categorization. - [The role of similarity in the development of categorization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/64) — Sloutsky, 2003. The use of parts to figure out where the whole object belongs requires not only Systems, but Distinctions and Relationships. - [Making sense of it all: bacterial chemotaxis](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/72) — Wadhams and Armitage, 2004. The response requires the organism to Distinguish between the different types of stimuli. - [Knowledge partitioning in categorization: Boundary conditions](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/83) — Lewandowsky et al., 2006. Their work led them to believe that partitioning (aka, creating a boundary between two or more things) is a pervasive aspect of categorization (aka, grouping things according to t… - [Systems and Distinctions; Duality and Complementarity](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/92) — Goguen and Varela, 2007. There is no whole system without an interconnection of its parts; and there is no whole system without an environment. Such pairs are mutually interdependent: each defines the oth… - [Can There Be Such a Thing as Embodied Embedded Cognitive Neuroscience?](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/100) — Dijk et al., 2008. They imply that the Relationship between the brain and the outside world is essential to the brain’s success. The sensory inputs of the brain and body all help D, S, R, and P to o… - [Categorization in the wild](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/101) — Glushko et al., 2008. Categories are structures born of several elements of thinking -- part-whole Systems, Relationships, and Perspectives. Notably, once categories are formed, they also become bounda… - [Directional sensing during chemotaxis](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/105) — Janetopoulos and Firtel, 2008. Chemotaxis is a way to explore the basic expressions of the D, S, R, and P patterns. - [The conceptual grouping effect: Categories matter (and named categories matter more)](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/120) — Lupyan, 2008. Provided as a prime, the label (a Distinguished identity) is, in effect, used by the respondent as a framing Perspective to more quickly identify the identities that will be group… - [Concepts and Categories: A Cognitive Neuropsychological Perspective](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/126) — Mahon and Caramazza, 2009. Progress in understanding the causes of category specificity in one region of the brain, or one functional component of a cognitive model, will require an understanding of how cat… - [Talent in autism: hyper-systemizing, hyper-attention to detail and sensory hypersensitivity](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/130) — Baron-Cohen et al., 2009. The Systems pattern is present and sometimes heightened in people who are not neurotypical. The brain does not have to function normally to perform the Systems pattern. - [Social Identification Structures the Effects of Perspective Taking](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/146) — Tarrant et al., 2012. A solution for this issue highlighted in the article is to include in the exercise a discussion of not only Perspectives, but also Distinctions, Systems, and Relationships. - [Deeper insights into semantic relations: An fMRI study of part-whole and functional associations](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/162) — Muehlhuas et al., 2014. While more research is needed, this is the first definitive evidence of part-whole Systems being structurally visible in the brain. - [Subliminal Gestalt grouping: Evidence of perceptual grouping by proximity and similarity in absence of conscious perception](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/171) — Montoro et al., 2014. This is notable in its similarity to the four patterns of mind —DSRP—that are happening within every thought one has, without their control. Note, the awareness of such patterns i… - [Vapour-mediated sensing and motility in two-component droplets](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/188) — Cira et al., 2015. The water droplets are Distinguishing between the other droplets to Perspectivaly organize themselves into larger droplets. - [Habituation in non-neural organisms: evidence from slime moulds](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/206) — Boisseau et al, 2016. The point of this and many other similar researches into unicellular and multicellular organisms, plants, etc, is that even non-neural organisms can learn and are building little… - [Naming influences 9-month-olds’ identification of discrete categories along a perceptual continuum](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/211) — Havy and Waxman, 2016. This implies that the addition of Distinctions i.e., naming) to the Systems (i.e., categories) the infants are trying to make aids in their forming part-whole systems and even can… - [The Origins of Social Categorization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/242) — Liberman et al., 2017. These conceptually-rich social categories emerge before the provision of verbal information can affect social knowledge, suggesting that the ability to form social categories does… - [The Binary Bias: A Systematic Distortion in the Integration of Information](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/265) — Fisher and Kiel, 2018. Systems thinking (DSRP) shifts this paradigm away from the binary bias and towards a more spectrum-based thought process. - [Retinotectal circuitry of larval zebrafish is adapted to detection and pursuit of prey](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/287) — Forster et al., 2020. This inherent Distinguishing ability allows the larval zebrafish to hunt effectively. This also further supports the evidence that the Distinction simple rule is inherently built… - [Learning and Representation of Hierarchical Concepts in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/304) — Theves et al., 2021. Concepts are organized as nested part–whole hierarchies (a whole can be a part of a larger whole). - [Chunking of Control: An Unrecognized Aspect of Cognitive Resource Limits](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/367) — Farooqui et al., 2023. The mind groups individual task steps into a single higher-order control chunk. - [Hierarchical overlapping modular structure in the human cerebral cortex improves individual identification](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/383) — Fan et al., 2023. The cortical functional network is nested modules in which large communities (wholes) recursively decompose into self-similar sub-modules (parts). - [Holistic and featural processing's link to face recognition varies by individual and task](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/384) — Leong et al., 2023. A face part is recognized better inside the whole face than alone — the whole exceeds the sum of its parts. - [Neural representation of gestalt grouping and attention effect in human visual cortex](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/395) — Wu et al., 2023. The brain encodes grouped parts as a single unified whole. - [Two-dimensional neural geometry underpins hierarchical organization of sequence in human working memory](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/453) — Fan et al., 2024. Working memory encodes a sequence by nesting items within chunks and chunks within the whole sequence, using orthogonal neural dimensions for item-within-chunk and chunk-within-se… - [Adaptive chunking improves effective working memory capacity in a prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia circuit](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/459) — Soni & Frank, 2025. The mind binds individual parts into higher-order wholes (chunks). - [Evidence for compositionality in fMRI visual representations via Brain Algebra](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/471) — Ferrante et al., 2025. A whole scene's neural representation can be rebuilt by algebraically combining its parts. - [A comparative study on the names of higher education institutions in China and the United States: quantitative linguistic approaches](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/514) — Zhu et al., 2026. The whole corpus of names exhibits a statistical regularity invisible in any individual name, and a macro-level governance structure is treated as a relational driver of that dive… - [A decagon wave around Saturn's south pole](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/515) — Sánchez-Lavega et al., 2026. Saturn's south-polar atmosphere organizes into a coherent whole-system wave spanning multiple atmospheric layers, categorically distinct from previously known polar jet patterns. - [A game-theoretic attack-defense framework for the study of network resilience](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/518) — Zhao et al., 2026. Network resilience emerges from the coupled relationship between attacker and defender rather than from network topology alone. Optimal strategies depend on distinguishing structu… - [A gas-enshrouded and gas-reddened black hole at cosmic dawn](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/519) — Naidu et al., 2026. A composite whole (black hole plus enveloping gas) produced emergent behavior that did not fit either of the existing part-based categories, forcing a new distinction to be drawn. - [A global atmospheric methane record from a tropical ice core](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/520) — Lamantia et al., 2026. The same global methane signal reads differently depending on where on Earth it is sampled (Pvp); reconciling a tropical vantage point with the polar record required recognizing t… - [A phylogenetic analysis of Gammarus species (Crustacea: Amphipoda, Gammaridae) from Iran, with description of a new species](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/521) — Alimohammadi et al., 2026. Drawing a species boundary is a distinction — fixing what an entity is against what it is not. The boundary is then confirmed by relationship: where the animal sits on a phylogeny… - [A selection-aware view of black hole–galaxy coevolution at high redshift](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/522) — Ziparo et al., 2026. The black hole (part) and its host galaxy (whole system) are coupled through a mass-scaling relationship whose average form is fixed early in cosmic history, while system-level di… - [A Sequential Markov Probabilistic Aggregation Algorithm for Causal Emergence in Markov Aggregation](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/523) — Hou & Dai, 2026. The study demonstrates that probabilistically aggregated macrostates can possess greater causal information than the microstates from which they are constructed. - [A theory of political divergence and gradual institutional change](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/524) — Yang, 2026. Institutions and social structures are modeled as a system whose long-run trajectory is produced by shifting relationships (coalitions) among its parts (rulers, elites, commoners)… - [Adaptive zones of feliforms and evolutionary regimes within terrestrial mammalian carnivores](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/525) — Barrett et al., 2026. Whether tooth shape predicts diet (a relationship) depends on which adaptive-zone category (a distinction) a carnivore lineage occupies, within a broader system of evolutionary re… - [Arabic morphology: from morphome to morpheme](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/531) — Camilleri and Idrissi, 2026. A verb form is shown to be a whole composed of interacting structural parts, and the identical formal part is classified into different categories depending on which dialect syste… - [Articles are inversely associated with inflectional case in Indo-European](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/533) — Goldstein, 2026. Case-marking and articles function as alternative substructures for encoding the same referential function within one grammatical system, so as one part shrinks the other expands… - [Beyond the mole: redefining harbour capacity for the ancient Mediterranean](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/535) — Nantet et al., 2026. A harbour's true functional capacity is a property of the whole integrated system (formal basin plus surrounding anchorage zones), not of its most visible built part alone, and th… - [Central role of Labrador Sea convection for transport of oxygen into the deep North Atlantic Ocean](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/536) — Miller et al., 2026. Deep convection is the causal mechanism (R) that redistributes oxygen, and the whole ventilation budget only balances once two distinct component parts — local air-sea exchange an… - [Climate warming drives thermal shocks and accelerated freshwater habitat fragmentation](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/538) — Wang et al., 2026. A smooth, continuous cause (gradual warming) is shown to cross discrete thermal thresholds that carve a once-continuous habitat system into disconnected fragments, turning a relat… - [Co-Opetitive Bridging Structure in Rumor Cascades: A Multilayer Overlapping Community Approach with Information-Theoretic Characterization](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/539) — Sun & Liu, 2026. A social system decomposes into overlapping camps (systems) whose members are cleanly separated by role (distinctions) and which relate to each other with opposite valence within… - [Composite value index of design patent indicators](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/540) — Thoma, 2026. The study shows that combining multiple patent indicators into a single composite index produces predictive value beyond that of the individual indicators. - [Compositional Generator Equivalence](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/541) — Vandikas et al., 2026. Whether a generator's whole behavior can be soundly justified from a coarse composition of its parts, versus needing the fine-grained whole, is a parts-whole systems question, and… - [Corporate Crime and Conceptions of a Corporate Person](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/543) — Horder, 2026. Corporate criminal liability doctrine hinges on which whole-versus-parts model of the corporation is adopted -- an aggregate of individuals versus an emergent legal entity -- with… - [County surveillance failed to detect that measles transmission reached epidemic threshold in schools](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/544) — Chen et al., 2026. An aggregate (the county) can sit safely below a critical boundary while its own parts (individual schools) have already crossed it, so the whole conceals what its parts reveal. - [Datafied Kinship](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/547) — Hashmi et al., 2026. Individual identity is constituted through relations to other identified individuals rather than by attributes alone (R), and a person's status depends on their position within th… - [Dissecting pleiotropy between major depressive disorder and physical disease comorbidities](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/552) — Woodward et al., 2026. The whole genetic architecture of a disorder is decomposed into distinct disease-cluster categories, and the shared genetic liability between those categories and the disorder con… - [Durable majority gerrymanders: Where partisan gerrymandering can displace democracy](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/554) — Palmer and Schneer, 2026. Aggregating many individually drawn districts (parts) into a statewide map (whole) can lock in majority control independent of vote share, and the durable/non-durable line marks w… - [Early origin of viviparity in the mammalian lineage](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/556) — Gaetano et al., 2026. A quantitative threshold in neonate-to-adult body-mass ratio functions as a categorical boundary separating live-bearing from egg-laying reproductive strategies, reconstructed her… - [Earthquake-triggered cascading hazards under Arctic amplification](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/557) — de Melo et al., 2026. Decades of climate warming causally weaken rock stability through a multi-system chain — warming, permafrost thaw, slope failure — producing an event categorically unprecedented i… - [Emergent metastable behavior in a resource-constrained network of exclusion processes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/559) — Bhatia et al., 2026. The network's behaviour belongs to the whole and to no lane in it, and it arises because the parts are coupled through a shared pool. The phases themselves are boundaries: the sys… - [Evidence for the first globular cluster stellar stream beyond the Milky Way](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/562) — Holm et al., 2026. A visible part (a thin stellar stream) is used to infer the invisible whole (the galaxy's total gravitational mass), with the gap between visible and total mass read out as dark m… - [Exhumation of Grand Canyon's basement along the Great Escarpment of Laurentia](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/564) — Gernon et al., 2026. A continent-scale rift-flank system (the whole) explains spatially varying local erosion depths (the parts) through a distance-dependent causal relationship, framed against a shar… - [Experimental Characterization of Emergent Behavior in Bio-Inspired Swarm Intelligence Algorithms](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/565) — Lazo et al., 2026. Whole-swarm reorganization dynamics are a real, measurable level of description distinct from and not reducible to the individual-agent rules that generate them. - [Failure to track a stable AMOC state under rapid climate change](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/566) — van Westen et al., 2026. The AMOC's fate turns on the relationship between forcing rate and system response, not on a fixed state boundary — the same distinction (stable vs. collapsed) sits at a different… - [From radiation to provinces: spatial scaling of Cambrian diversity](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/571) — Na et al., 2026. The global diversity 'whole' is not simply the hierarchical sum of its regional 'parts'; it is a system whose identity depends on turnover among semi-independent provinces, and de… - [Functional percolation: criticality of form and function](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/573) — Wilkerson, 2026. A whole-network structural transition (percolation threshold) creates a sharp boundary that simultaneously reorganizes the functional relationships and information flows the syste… - [Gendered exit and displacement: Social reproduction and automation in Bangladesh's garment industry](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/574) — Deb and Rahman, 2026. One macro outcome is decomposed into two sub-mechanisms — a part–whole move — and each is then given a direction of effect on the outcome. - [Graphite lubricates Mercury's global contraction](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/577) — Vergara Sassarini et al., 2026. A buried compositional layer nested within the crust mediates the causal link between interior cooling and the surface fault geometry actually observed. - [Green Infrastructure as a Climate Shield: Nonlinear Flood Response and Extremes Saturation in a Tropical Andean Urban Watershed](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/578) — Sánchez-Balseca et al., 2026. Land cover is a part of the watershed and flood behaviour a property of the whole, so the finding is part–whole; the effect of cover on peak flow is action and reaction; and satur… - [Hadley circulation drives material isolation and pole-to-pole teleconnection on Mars](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/579) — Fan et al., 2026. A single coherent circulation system (the whole) creates a dynamical boundary that isolates material inside versus outside it (a distinction), while that same whole-system structu… - [HawkesRank: Event-driven centrality for real-time importance ranking](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/580) — Sornette et al., 2026. Reframing a network's importance structure as a relational, whole-system property — separating self-generated from externally triggered activity — recovers classic static centrali… - [Heteropore-Mediated Pore-Environment Tuning in a Covalent Organic Framework for Balanced Capture of Structurally Diverse PFAS](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/581) — Wei et al., 2026. Whole-material performance emerges from combining two distinct pore-scale parts (transport-optimized mesopores and binding-optimized micropores) that neither achieves alone (S), a… - [Hierarchical self-organization of framboidal pyrite enables biosignature preservation](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/582) — Gao et al., 2026. The spherical framboid (whole) forms through nested, scale-dependent sub-processes building outward from a fractal aggregate core to a protective crystalline rim (part/whole hiera… - [Impact-resistant, autonomous robots inspired by tensegrity architecture](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/587) — Johnson et al., 2026. Impact resilience is a whole-system property that emerges from the distributed cable-strut architecture and cannot be attributed to any individual component, a textbook case of a… - [Integrating or segregating? Gentrification, the changing city-suburb divide, and black exceptionalism](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/588) — Hwang et al., 2026. The segregation/integration boundary (D) is decomposed across race-income groups and across the city-versus-suburb parts of a metro area (S), and the same underlying process — gen… - [Interaction-driven flat band and charge order in Fe5GeTe2](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/589) — Gao et al., 2026. The result is a whole-system emergent behavior — large groups of electrons collectively slowed while remaining quantum-coherent, unlike any single electron — that is itself couple… - [Layer-engineered quantum anomalous Hall effect in twisted rhombohedral graphene](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/597) — Chen et al., 2026. A purely compositional variable (number of stacked atomic layers) sets a discrete, whole-system property (the topological Chern number) that no single layer possesses alone. - [Leading From the Front: Leadership Fitness Is Associated with Fire Station Crew Fitness](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/598) — Martin et al., 2026. A relationship (leader fitness predicts crew fitness) is only load-bearing when a systems condition holds: the leadership sub-structure must be complete (captain and lieutenant bo… - [Modeling the combined effects of the 2023 Türkiye–Syria earthquake and an Atmospheric River event on landslide hazard](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/605) — Jimenez et al., 2026. Landslide hazard is not a sum of two independent risk factors but an emergent property of how the earthquake and rainfall subsystems relate in time — their sequencing shifts the c… - [More Links but Fewer Effective Routes: Entropy and Resilience in Global Lithium, Cobalt and Nickel Trade Networks](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/606) — Liu et al., 2026. The network's whole-level functional property (route diversity, resilience) does not scale with the simple count of its parts (links), and entropy is used as a relational bridge c… - [Multilayer financial similarity networks and systemic firm centrality in China](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/607) — Yu et al., 2026. The same set of firms yields different 'central' members depending on which measurement perspective (accounting layer) is used to build the network, showing that systemic importan… - [Multilayer soil moisture depletion intensifies drought impacts on global ecosystems](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/608) — Gu et al., 2026. Soil is treated as a layered system whose parts (individual depth layers) combine to buffer drought, and the vantage point used to measure it (single profile-average versus per-la… - [Numerous bow shocks in the outer Helix Nebula](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/611) — van Dokkum et al., 2026. The bow shocks are the direct signature of ejecta fragments (parts) colliding with the interstellar medium (R), and their loss of coherence over ~10,000 years marks the transition… - [One hundred and twenty-three years of nitrogen inputs and outputs at a forested watershed in central Appalachia](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/613) — Peterjohn, 2026. The study examines how a watershed functions as an integrated system whose long-term outputs depend on historical inputs and a threshold governing nitrogen release. - [Optimal coalition structures in supply chains: a cooperative game approach to economic lot-sizing in emerging markets](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/615) — Razghandi et al., 2026. Independent parts (autonomous retailers) combine into a whole (a stable coalition) whose emergent social-welfare outcome exceeds what any part achieves alone. - [Pacific Bluefin Tuna maintain trophic stability despite shifting diet composition over 12 years in the California Current Ecosystem](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/616) — Richards et al., 2026. A system-level relational property (trophic position) can stay invariant even as the specific parts composing it (prey species) are substantially swapped out, showing the whole's… - [Pangenome-guided breeding restores high-altitude adaptation and improves yield in Tartary buckwheat](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/617) — Zhang et al., 2026. A gene's presence or absence across cultivars is a hard distinction (D), located within the structural-variant architecture of the whole pangenome (S), and its combination with a… - [Planetary energy budget during abrupt glacial climate events set by Atlantic Ocean heat valve](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/620) — Buizert et al., 2026. A single subsystem (the AMOC) is shown to govern the behavior of the entire planetary system it sits within, and it does so by actively driving the planet's energy balance rather… - [Rate of Caustic-crossing Microlensing Events in Stellar Binary Lenses with Significant Orbital Motion](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/623) — Murlidhar et al., 2026. A binary system's caustics are an emergent whole-system property that neither lens alone produces, and a caustic crossing is itself a sharp boundary event; what is large at the le… - [Research on the causal mechanism of prefabricated building accidents: a comprehensive framework integrating association rule mining and graph neural network](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/628) — Liu et al., 2026. The finding is incomplete without both a relational reading -- causal chains and bridging factors that propagate risk from one accident factor to another -- and a systems reading,… - [Revisiting the Cocktail Effect in High-Entropy Layered Double Hydroxides: Linear Additivity Rather than Emergent Behavior](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/630) — Maluangnont et al., 2026. The whole compound's electronic and dielectric properties reduce cleanly to a composition-weighted combination of its parts, a direct quantitative test of whether a system's behav… - [Secular change in orogenic duration reveals alternating tectonic regimes during the Archaean-Proterozoic](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/634) — Zou et al., 2026. Earth's tectonic system, viewed across billion-year timescales, shows a whole-history pattern (alternating regimes) that only emerges from comparing the durations of its individua… - [Senior Bureaucrats, Coalitions and the Quality of Government: Accounting for Effective Governance in Fragmented Settings](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/636) — Borges et al., 2026. The effect of cabinet fragmentation depends on how it interacts with bureaucratic recruitment structures, demonstrating that governance quality emerges from relationships among ne… - [Shrub-mediated vertical coupling regulates Holocene ecosystem variability and transition dynamics](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/638) — Wang et al., 2026. A part of the whole system (the shrub layer) is shown to mediate the relationship between two other parts (canopy and ground vegetation), and the nature of that relationship itsel… - [Signal-induced recruitment and dispatchment in reconfigurable phase-separated protocell networks](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/639) — Yin et al., 2026. A chemical signal acting on protocells (R) flips a phase-compatibility boundary that gates membership in a shared droplet phase (D), and the resulting recruit/dispatch dynamics as… - [Spanish-Guaraní Code-Switching in Social Media: A Dependency Parsing Study](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/641) — Kellert, 2026. Bilingual speech is organized as a system with a dominant 'matrix' language governing overall structure, and the finding turns on a categorical distinction in where within the sen… - [Structural basis of transcription of the hachimoji eight-letter alphabet by E. coli RNA polymerase](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/643) — Li et al., 2026. The presumed boundary between 'natural' and 'synthetic' genetic building blocks collapses at the mechanistic level: the same whole-enzyme recognition architecture, unchanged since… - [Structure of the Free Interfaces Near Triple Junction Singularities in Harmonic Maps and Optimal Partition Problems](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/644) — Ognibene and Velichkov, 2026. The theorem characterizes how a domain's whole free-interface structure is built from distinct constituent surface-parts meeting at a precisely characterized shared boundary, a sy… - [Surface geometry, segmentation and kinematic features of Dodurga Fault, Eskişehir Fault Zone, NW Anatolia](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/647) — Elma et al., 2026. The fault's combined rupture potential exceeds what either constituent segment (distinguished by a geometric step-over boundary) could produce alone, showing parts combining into… - [Symphonic Gift: Wagner's Siegfried Idyll and the Hermeneutics of Sonata Form](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/649) — Echevarria, 2026. The analysis turns on a diatonic-versus-hexatonic distinction (D), traced across nested leitmotivic, tonal, formal, and structural levels (S), and used to reconcile competing herm… - [TGW1a locus simultaneously shortens growth duration and boosts grain yield in rice](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/656) — Li et al., 2026. One locus's dual-trait effect is explained by a protein-interaction relationship plus a restructured genetic linkage — decoupling (D) two previously coupled traits lets them vary… - [The global structure of classroom social networks predicts academic and psycho-social adjustment](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/663) — Neuendorf et al., 2026. The classroom as an aggregated whole carries predictive information absent from any individual student's data, and distinct relationship types prove non-interchangeable in what th… - [The language vs. dialect distinction again](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/664) — Herce, 2026. Tests whether a presumed categorical boundary (language vs. dialect) is real or is instead fully absorbed by the underlying nested, branching (part/whole) phylogenetic structure o… - [The rise of large language models and the direction and impact of US federal research funding](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/665) — Qian et al., 2026. The result turns on a distinction metric (how semantically distinct a proposal is from already-funded work) and a whole-versus-parts tension: gains at the level of individual gran… - [The role of root semantics in determining argument alternations](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/666) — Beavers and Jerro, 2026. A verb's argument-alternation behavior is a whole composed of two interacting parts (event template and semantic root) whose combination is not reducible to either part, and the r… - [Topographic accessibility and proto-urban settlement organization in Neolithic China](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/668) — Cheng et al., 2026. The relationship between a driving factor (terrain accessibility) and the organization of a system (settlement distribution) is shown to be historically contingent — strengthening… - [Topographic regime controls the response of erosion to large earthquakes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/669) — Wang et al., 2026. The same triggering event produces different whole-catchment erosion behavior depending on how the system is structurally composed (its topographic regime), showing system-level s… - [Topological mixing and irreversibility in animal chromosome evolution](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/670) — Schultz et al., 2026. Chromosomal fusion events combine parts into new irreversible wholes, showing composition (S) is gated by a one-way category boundary (D). - [Tracing magma generation and evolution in a multi-level magma plumbing system at the Izu rear-arc](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/671) — Edgar et al., 2026. A single erupted magma is shown to be the product of a nested, multi-level system of distinct source reservoirs, with a clear compositional boundary marking two contributing popul… - [Two-stage AHP–AHP optimization of forage turnip–pea mixtures based on LER, yield and quality](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/674) — Yıldırım et al., 2026. The turnip-pea intercrop is treated as a whole system whose combined yield is compared against its parts grown apart, with the interspecies relationship between the two crops driv… - [Ultrahigh pressure phase transition in ice](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/675) — Osmond et al., 2026. A qualitatively new, symmetry-distinct material category only exists once a sharp pressure threshold is crossed, produced by the whole crystal lattice reorganizing collectively ra… - [Weak evolution of cosmic atomic hydrogen over the past 4.5 billion years](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/678) — Zhang et al., 2026. A whole system's output (galaxy-wide star formation) is governed by an intervening relationship — the efficiency of converting one part (atomic gas) into the form actually usable… - [World's population susceptible to water risks is concentrated in two of the 58 IPCC reference regions](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/681) — Varis et al., 2026. The finding rests on a sharp categorical contrast between two regions and the rest of the world, and on how a global total (population exposed to water risk) decomposes very uneve… - [Dynamical friction in stratified stellar envelopes](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/685) — Damien Gagnier, 2026. The finding shows that the force felt by an orbiting body (a part) depends on the global structure of the medium as a whole, not merely on the medium's local properties at the bod… - [Global Kilometer-Scale Simulations with ARP-GEM2: Effect of Parameterized Convection and Calibration](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/686) — Olivier Geoffroy, David Saint-Martin, 2026. The finding shows that the atmosphere's small-scale convective processes (parts) remain important to the whole system's simulated behavior even as resolution becomes very fine, wi… - [Scaling of Nanoalloy Phase Transitions: Elucidating the Distinct Role of Surface Sites](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/689) — Leonid Rubinovich, Micha Polak, 2026. The finding shows that a nanoparticle's overall (whole) phase-transition behavior cannot be captured by a single scaling law but must be decomposed into contributions from geometr… - [Urban Animal Density: Red Foxes and Emergent Sociality in the City](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/693) — Tom Fry, 2026. The paper treats density as a whole-level condition that generates novel social forms among the individuals living within it, and shows that humans and foxes come to hold perspect… - [Gulf of Alaska Coastal Water Transport Pathways and Implications for Ecosystem Response](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/694) — Élise Beaudin, Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Mara A. Freilich, Arthur J. Miller, 2026. The finding shows that the offshore ecosystem's nutrient supply depends on relationships between atmospheric forcing and multiple transport pathways, and that the whole transport… - [Knowledge protection and modularity of innovation activities in firms: Evidence from US trade secrecy law](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/695) — Eunkwang Seo, Christopher P. Dinkel, 2026. The finding shows that a change in the legal relationship governing knowledge protection reshapes how a firm's innovation activity is decomposed into more or less separable module… - [Electrode Potential-Programmed Active-Site Ensembles Govern Electrocatalysis](https://dsrpevidence.org/study/696) — Xue-Chun Jiang, Jia-Lan Chen, Wei-Xue Li, Jin-Xun Liu, 2026. The finding treats catalytic activity as a whole-level (ensemble) property that emerges from the shifting mix of its parts (local active-site environments) rather than from any si…